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Biomonitoring of metals and trace elements in urine of central Ethiopian populations.

2.1. Study population A total of 386 individuals (10 to 50 years old) were enrolled from 27 rural communities during two sampling periods (June 2015 and May 2016) (Figure 1). Based on extensive prior work conducted to characterize the range of F- levels in community water sources in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region, communities covering the range of F- exposures were selected for the study. Given the high correlation in F- and other exposures in this location (Rango et al., 2009; 2014), it like

Effectiveness of Fluoridation Depending on Periodicity in 6–10-year-old Children.

Background The cost-effectiveness of this study was achieved in the group that was treated every three months with periodic intervals, which had a reduction of caries with 62%. The relative effectiveness of our study is the application of fluoride treatment every 3 months compared with treatments done every 4 and 6 months, respectively. Objective To evaluate the reduction of caries disease depending on the time period of fluoride gel application. The sample was chosen randomly.

Fluorosis and cognitive development among children (6-14 years of age) in the endemic areas of the world: a review and critical analysis.

  References An J, Mei S, Liu A (1992) The effects of high fluoride on the level of intelligence of primary and secondary students. Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases 7:93–94 Google Scholar Brigatti MF, Guggenheim S (2002) Mica crystal chemistry and the influence of pressure, temperature, and solid solution on atomistic models. Rev Mineral Geochem 46:1–97 CAS Article Google Scholar Browne D, Whelton H, O’Mullane D (2005) Fluo

Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review.

Background After the discovery of fluoride as a caries-preventing agent in the mid-twentieth century, fluoridation of community water has become a widespread intervention, sometimes hailed as a mainstay of modern public health. However, this practice results in elevated fluoride intake and has become controversial for two reasons. First, topical fluoride application in the oral cavity appears to be a more direct and appropriate means of preventing caries. Second, systemic fluoride uptake