References
Spencer AJ, Do LG. Caution needed in altering the ‘optimum’ fluoride concentration in drinking water. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2016;44(2):101-8.
Hong L, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Kanellis MJ, Wefel JS, Dawson DV. Timing of fluoride intake in relation to development of fluorosis on maxillary central incisors. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2006;34(4):299-309.
Mascarenhas AK. Risk factors for dental fluorosis: a review of the recent literature. Pediatr Dent. 200
References
Ahmad MN, VandenBerg LJL, Shah HU, Masood T, Büker P, Emberson L, Ashmore M (2012) Hydrogen fluoride damage to vegetation from peri-urban brick kilns in Asia: a growing but unrecognised problem? Environ Pollut 162:319–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.017 - DOI
Alves ES, Moura BB, Pedroso ANV, Tresmondi F, Domingos M (2011) The efficiency of tobacco Bel-W3 and native species for ozone biomonitoring in sub-tropical climate, as revealed by
“I suspected some contamination of the water of the much-frequented street pump in Broad Street, near the end of Cambridge Street”, said John Snow, about the contaminated water pump of the cholera outbreak of 1854, in London, UK.1
In September, 2015, a Somalian man aged 46 years presented to a refugee clinic within 1 month of resettlement to Canada. From 2009 to 2015, this patient had lived in the Kakuma refugee camp (Rift Valley Province, Kenya), which houses 184, 966 inhabitants.2
Online here
Background: The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study was established to obtain Canadian biomonitoring data for pregnant women and their infants, and to examine potential adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to priority environmental chemicals on pregnancy and infant health.
Methods: Women were recruited during the first trimester from 10 sites across Canada and were followed through delivery. Questionnaires were administered during preg
Case study 2
Salt fluoridation in Jamaica
Salt fluoridation was introduced into Jamaica (population, 2.5 million) in 1987; all salt for human consumption is fluoridated (30). Fluoride toothpastes had been available in the country since 1972, and while their use may have had a protective effect (32), the notable decline in the prevalence of dental caries after 1984 may be considered to be primarily attributable to the introduction of fluoridated salt (27).
In 1984, a survey of oral health ca
REFERENCES
1 Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of
untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res 2015;94:650-8.
2 Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007;369:51-9.
3 Petersen PE, Ogawa H. Prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride–the WHO
approach. Community Dent Health 2016;33:66-8.
4 O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S, Lennon MA, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, et al. Fluoride and
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