Return to Dichlorofluoromethane
Index Page
Activity: US
EPA List 2 Inert, Propellant (Halogenated
organic)
Structure:
Adverse
Effects:
Ataxia
Blood
Bone
Carcinogen
CNS
Endocrine: Testicular
Heart
Kidney
Leukemia
Liver
Lung
Pancreas
Reproductive
Tremors
Environmental
Fully
halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as dichlorofluoromethane
were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal
Protocol. Although originally scheduled for 50% production
phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening
ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out.
Ref: as cited by the Hazardous Substance Data Bank:
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed.
Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p.
V21 (1997) 132]
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/dichlorofluoromethan.toxnet.htm
Yet,
as of September 25, 2003, Dichlorofluoromethane is still
listed as a List 2 Inert by US EPA.
Ref: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods2.html
|
Rationale
for US EPA to add Dichlorofluoromethane to the Toxic Release
Inventory
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
are known to release chlorine radicals into the stratosphere.
Chlorine radicals act as catalysts to reduce the net amount
of stratospheric ozone.
Stratospheric
ozone shields the earth from ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation
(i.e., 290 to 320 nanometers). Decreases in total column
ozone will increase the percentage of UV-B radiation, especially
at its most harmful wavelengths, reaching the earth's surface.
Exposure
to UV-B radiation has been implicated by laboratory and
epidemiologic studies as a cause of two types of nonmelanoma
skin cancers: squamous cell cancer and basal cell cancer.
Studies predict that for every 1 percent increase in UV-B
radiation, nonmelanoma skin cancer cases would increase
by about 1 to 3 percent.
Recent
epidemiological studies, including large case control studies,
suggest that UV-B radiation plays an important role in causing
malignant melanoma skin cancer. Recent studies predict that
for each 1 percent change in UV-B intensity, the incidence
of melanoma could increase from 0.5 to 1 percent.
Studies
have demonstrated that UV-B radiation can suppress the immune
response system in animals, and, possibly, in humans. Increases
in exposure to UV-B radiation are likely to increase the
incidence of cataracts and could adversely affect the retina.
Aquatic
organisms, particularly phytoplankton, zooplankton, and
the larvae of many fishes, appear to be susceptible to harm
from increased exposure to UV-B radiation because they spend
at least part of their time at or near the surface of waters
they inhabit.
Increased
UV-B penetration has been shown to result in adverse impacts
on plants. Field studies on soybeans suggest that yield
reductions could occur in some cultivars of soybeans, while
evidence from laboratory studies suggest that two out of
three cultivars are sensitive to UV-B.
Because
this increased UV-B radiation can be reasonably anticipated
to lead to cancer and other chronic human health effects
and significant adverse environmental effects, EPA believes
there is sufficient evidence for listing the following HCFCs
that are commercially viable on EPCRA section 313 pursuant
to EPCRA sections 313(d)(2)(B) and (C). EPA is proposing
that the following HCFCs be added individually to EPCRA
section 313:
Ref:
USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological
Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993).
As
cited by US EPA in:
Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part
IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic
Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed
Rule.
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Ataxia
(click on for all fluorinated pesticides)
DOGS, MONKEYS, & GUINEA
PIGS EXPOSED TO 20% OF GAS IN AIR FOR SEVERAL HR A DAY FOR SEVERAL
DAYS SHOWED TEMPORARY INTOXICATION WITH TREMORS, ATAXIA,
AND TENDENCY TO STARE, SALIVATE, & LACRIMATE, BUT NO CUMULATIVE
TOXIC EFFECT & NO SPECIFIC OCULAR DISTURBANCE. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology
of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher,
1986. 322]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorodifluorometh.TOXNET.htm
Blood
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
--
TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was
conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain
not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane
at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic
air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately
90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals
per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were
observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high
dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one female
and six males from the high dose group were found dead during the
recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have statistically
significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls during the
exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day recovery period.
Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis values were similar
between all dosed animals and control animals, with the exception
of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes
counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals
at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days.
A dose related increase in urine fluoride levels was also observed.
Histopathology evaluation of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis
of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration
of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia
were observed in high dose male rats.
[Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity
Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ] **UNREVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Bone
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Aerosol sprays containing
fluorocarbon propellants are another source of solvent intoxication.
Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several
organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias,
bone marrow
depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney,
& peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to
inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias,
especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction.
/Fluorocarbon propellants/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B.
Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 1996. 575]
Ref:
Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorodifluorometh.TOXNET.htm
Carcinogen (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
PAN Bad Actor: Carcinogen
Ref: Pesticide Action Network:
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33437
CNS
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
--
IN HIGH CONCN, IT MAY CAUSE CENTRAL NERVOUS
DEPRESSION. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]
-- Exposure to 100,000 ppm killed
rats and guinea pigs within an hour. Clinical signs included loss
of coordination, tremors ... /CNS depression/
and prostration; limited pathologic examination, partly obscured
by post-mortem change, revealed lung and liver changes. [American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Endocrine:
Testicular
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study
was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino
rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane
at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic
air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately
90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals
per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were
observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high
dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one
female and six males from the high dose group were found dead
during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have
statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls
during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day
recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis
values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals,
with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes
counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals
at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase
in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation
of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the
liver,
interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration
of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia
were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories;
Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with Genetron 21 in Albino
Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0
]
[Note from FAN: seminiferous epithelium
= the epithelium lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where
spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Heart
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
--
When admin alone to anesthetized mice at concn of 100,000 ppm,
CFC-21 induced arrhythmia and sensitized
the heart to epinephrine. Tachycardia
with hypotension was observed in both monkeys and dogs that were
anesthetized and exposed at 50,000-100,000 ppm. Bronchoconstriction
was noted at 25,000 ppm. [American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed.
Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED
&, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER,
DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART
WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values
for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati,
Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Other Long-Term Effects - Repeated exposure
can cause the heart to beat irregularly.
Ref: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET. RIGHT
TO KNOW PROJECT.
Produced by: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
Provided by: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.
http://www.cchst.ca/products/databases/samples/njhsfs.html
Kidney
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
--
/GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &,
ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS,
CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART
WERE FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values
for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati,
Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Leukemia
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
TSCA Test Submissions:
A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups
of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported)
receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at
a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air
flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately
90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals
per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were
observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high
dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one
female and six males from the high dose group were found dead
during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have
statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls
during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day
recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis
values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals,
with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes
counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals
at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase
in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation
of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the
liver,
interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration
of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of leukemia
were observed in high dose male rats.
[Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity
Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
[Note from FAN: seminiferous epithelium
= the epithelium lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where
spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.]
Ref:
Profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Liver
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
-- Repeated exposures have produced marked
hepatic damage or failure. Ten rats exposed at 10,000 ppm
CFC-21, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, all survived,
but their livers were grossly pale and heavy. Histopathologic
examination showed centrilobular necrosis
with related changes. In comparable 90-day series of exposure
at 5000 and 1000 ppm levels, rats showed bilateral hair loss and
excessive mortality (20 of 54 died at 1000 ppm, 15 of 54 at 5000
ppm). Four dogs exposed at both levels showed weight loss. Cirrhosis
was evident in rats exposed at both
levels, but with dogs histopathologic changes in the liver were
mild and evident only at the 5000 ppm. [American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER
REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/ @ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED
&, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED
LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN, & HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE
FOUND. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values
for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati,
Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- TSCA Test Submissions: A subchronic inhalation toxicity study
was conducted with groups of male (35) and female (35) albino
rats (strain not reported) receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane
at a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic
air flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately
90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals
per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were
observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high
dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one
female and six males from the high dose group were found dead
during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have
statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls
during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day
recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis
values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals,
with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes
counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals
at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase
in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation
of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis
of the liver, interstitial edema of the pancreas and degeneration
of the seminiferous epithelium [the
sperm producing part of the testicle - EC]. Three cases of leukemia
were observed in high dose male rats. [Industrial
Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity Study with
Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No. FYI-OTS-0779-0045,
Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Lung
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
--Skin, Eye and Respiratory
Irritations: Refrigerant 21 vapor is respiratory
irritant ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J.
Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines
for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]
-- When admin alone to anesthetized mice
at concn of 100,000 ppm, CFC-21 induced arrhythmia and sensitized
the heart to epinephrine. Tachycardia with hypotension was observed
in both monkeys and dogs that were anesthetized and exposed at
50,000-100,000 ppm. Bronchoconstriction
was noted at 25,000 ppm. [American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed.
Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/
@ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED
LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN,
& HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air.
Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER
REVIEWED**
-- WHEN GUINEA PIGS WERE EXPOSED UP TO 2
HR ... @ CONCN RANGING FROM 1.2-10.2% BY VOL (12,000-102,000 PPM),
CONCN OF 5.2% & HIGHER PRODUCED SIGNS OF IRRITATION, TREMORS,
INCOORDINATION, & IRREGULAR BREATHING.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air.
Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Base for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Pancreas
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
TSCA Test Submissions:
A subchronic inhalation toxicity study was conducted with groups
of male (35) and female (35) albino rats (strain not reported)
receiving whole body exposure to dichloromonofluoromethane at
a nominal concentration of 0, 50, 150 or 500ppm in a dynamic air
flow chamber for 6 hours per day, five days per week for approximately
90 days. On day 45 and day 90, 5 animals per sex and 20 animals
per sex, respectively were sacrificed. The remaining animals were
observed for an additional 30 days and then sacrificed. Four high
dose males were found dead during the exposure period and one
female and six males from the high dose group were found dead
during the recovery period. High dose rats were observed to have
statistically significant (p < 0.01) lower body weights than controls
during the exposure period, but were comparable after the 30 day
recovery period. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis
values were similar between all dosed animals and control animals,
with the exception of a slightly higher total blood leukocytes
counts and elevated mean SAP and SGPT values for high dose animals
at approximately 45, 90 and 120 days. A dose related increase
in urine fluoride levels was also observed. Histopathology evaluation
of treated animals revealed portal cirrhosis of the
liver,
interstitial edema of the pancreas
and degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Three cases of
leukemia were observed in high dose male rats.
[Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity
Study with Genetron 21 in Albino Rats, (1979), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-0779-0045, Fiche No. OTS0000045-0 ]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Reproductive
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
--
CFC-21 has produced "pre-implantation" loss in pregnant rats exposed
at 10,000 ppm. After exposure for 6 hr daily, on days 6 to 15
of gestation, 15 or 25 pregnant females had no viable fetuses
or implantation sites on the uterine wall. Pregnancy outcome and
fetal development in the other 10 rats were unaffected.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure
Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.
434]
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Reproductive Hazard. Dichlorofluoromethane
may damage the developing fetus.
Ref: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET. RIGHT
TO KNOW PROJECT.
Produced by: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
Provided by: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.
http://www.cchst.ca/products/databases/samples/njhsfs.html
Tremors
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
--
Exposure to 100,000 ppm killed rats and guinea pigs within an
hour. Clinical signs included loss of coordination,
tremors ... /CNS depression/ and prostration; limited pathologic
examination, partly obscured by post-mortem change, revealed lung
and liver changes. [American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed.
Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]
-- WHEN GUINEA PIGS WERE EXPOSED UP TO 2 HR ...
@ CONCN RANGING FROM 1.2-10.2% BY VOL (12,000-102,000 PPM), CONCN
OF 5.2% & HIGHER PRODUCED SIGNS OF IRRITATION, TREMORS,
INCOORDINATION, & IRREGULAR BREATHING. [American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air.
Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81].
Ref: Profile from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Dichlorofluoromethan.TOXNET.htm
Environmental (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
US
EPA: Class II Ozone-Depleting Substance. All the class II
substances and their isomers are regulated under the accelerated
phaseout.
Ref: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods2.html
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
are known to release chlorine radicals into the stratosphere.
Chlorine radicals act as catalysts to reduce
the net amount of stratospheric ozone. Stratospheric
ozone shields the earth from ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation
(i.e., 290 to 320 nanometers). Decreases in total column
ozone will increase the percentage of UV-B radiation, especially
at its most harmful wavelengths, reaching the earth's surface...Exposure
to UV-B radiation has been implicated by laboratory and
epidemiologic studies as a cause of two types of nonmelanoma
skin cancers: squamous cell cancer and basal cell cancer.
Studies predict that for every 1 percent increase in UV-B
radiation, nonmelanoma skin cancer cases would increase
by about 1 to 3 percent... Because this increased UV-B
radiation can be reasonably anticipated to lead to cancer
and other chronic human health effects and significant adverse
environmental effects, EPA believes there is sufficient
evidence for listing the following HCFCs [Dichlorofluoromethane
was included] that are commercially viable on EPCRA
section 313 pursuant to EPCRA sections 313(d)(2)(B) and
(C). EPA is proposing that the following HCFCs be added
individually to EPCRA section 313:
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support
Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of
TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
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