Introduction
Fluoride enrichment of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 21st century. While fluoride toxicity has been reported with acute intoxication (Gessner et al., 1994; Penman et al., 1997), emerging data suggests that even low levels of exposure may be associated with adverse effects in vulnerable populations (Wei et al., 2021a; Yasmin and Ranjan, 2015; Riddell et al., 2019; Green et al., 2019). While there are known determinants of fluoride toxicity, i
Introduction
Long-term and excess fluoride consumption induces disturbed homeostasis of the bone and a series of chronic systemic diseases (Erdal and Buchanan, 2005). The World Health Organization has stated that the maximum safe limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm; however, more than 50 countries have high fluoride levels in drinking water (Rango et al., 2012; Perumal et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019). Fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries around the world, o
References
Zhou G, Yang L, Luo C, Liu H, Li P, Cui Y, Liu L, Yu X, Zeng Q, Chen J, Zhao Q, Dong L, Niu Q, Zhang S, Wang A (2019) Low-to-moderate fluoride exposure, relative mitochondrial DNA levels, and dental fluorosis in Chinese children. Environ Int 127:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.033
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Highlights
This study provides an overview of fluoride distribution and health risks in the fluoride endemic region of Northern Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Groundwater fluorides concentration exceeded the safe drinking water limit in 98% of sampling locations.
Health hazard index (HQFluoride) exceeded the unitary value in all the individual groups signifying that the study region is under detrimental fluorosis stress.
Abstract
Fluoride contamination in groundwater is a worldwid
References
Adkins and Brunst, 2021
E.A. Adkins, K.J. Brunst
Impacts of fluoride neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction on cognition and mental health: a literature review
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18 (24) (2021), p. 12884, 10.3390/ijerph182412884
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R.L. Blaylock
Excitotoxicity: A possible central mechanism in fluoride neurotoxicity
Fluoride, 37 (4) (2004), pp. 301-314
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References
Public Health England. National Dental Epidemiology Programme for England: oral health survey of 5-year-olds 2019. 2020. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873492/NDEP_for_England_OH_Survey_5yr_2019_v1.0.pdf (accessed April 2022).
Health and Social Care Information Centre. Children's Dental Health Survey 2013. Country specific report: England. 2015. Available at https://files.digital.nhs.uk
5. Perspectives and Conclusions
Based on the results, limitations, and strengths of the study, the following perspectives and conclusions can be drawn:
The children with low SES and fluoride varnish application showed positive long-term effects regarding the reduction in caries. However, the decline in caries cannot be explained by the fluoride varnish application alone, as it may have been influenced by confounding factors that were not collected in the study. By implementing the inte
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