Abstract
Excessive fluoride may cause central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and oxidative stress is a recognized mode of action of fluoride toxicity. In CNS, activated microglial cells can release more reactive oxygen species (ROS), and NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the major enzyme for the production of extracellular superoxide in microglia. ROS have been characterized as an important secondary messenger and modulator for various mammalian intracellular signaling pathways, including the MAPK path
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Current programs to fluoridate water supplies as a dental caries control measure have stimulated interest in the extent to which the fluoride might be retained by the various tissues of the body. Considerable evidence is available to show that much of the fluoride is excreted in the urine, but there is little information on the possible accumulation or storage of the fluoride not excreted.
A previous study of normal human blood fluoride co
