... The substantial increase in fluorosis observed in recent years is associated with the emergence of many additional, essential sources of fluoride, which influence the human body [39,49]. Some authors believe that the introduction of brushing with fluoride toothpaste on a widespread and daily basis was the main factor behind the increased prevalence of this disorder. The lack of adult supervision of children when brushing their teeth with fluoride toothpaste and the excessive use and even swa
... Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a colorless gas or liquid that is frequently used to remove impurities from semiconductors and other electronic products. It is also among the most dangerous inorganic acids, as accidental release of HF causes very serious environmental problems not only through underground leakage of liquid chemicals spreading along
underground plumes, but also by leakage of aerosols propagating through the air current. Additionally, HF release can harm human health by damaging th
Introduction
Fluoride enrichment of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 21st century. While fluoride toxicity has been reported with acute intoxication (Gessner et al., 1994; Penman et al., 1997), emerging data suggests that even low levels of exposure may be associated with adverse effects in vulnerable populations (Wei et al., 2021a; Yasmin and Ranjan, 2015; Riddell et al., 2019; Green et al., 2019). While there are known determinants of fluoride toxicity, i
References
Zhou G, Yang L, Luo C, Liu H, Li P, Cui Y, Liu L, Yu X, Zeng Q, Chen J, Zhao Q, Dong L, Niu Q, Zhang S, Wang A (2019) Low-to-moderate fluoride exposure, relative mitochondrial DNA levels, and dental fluorosis in Chinese children. Environ Int 127:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.033
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3.2. Bone biochemistry
Among the nine subjects with fluorosis, 5/9(Patient Number 1 to 5) (55.5%) had vitamin D deficiency and 4/9 (44.4%) had secondary hyperparathyroidism. Five patients(Patient Number 1 to 5) were also noted to have a component of osteomalacia as reflected by the elevated alkaline phosphatase. The mean(SD) urine fluoride was 2.9(1.4) ppm. The other bone biochemical parameters and urine fluoride are depicted in Table 2.
