Abstract
For the past 45 years, there has been a great deal of debate regarding the health issues surrounding the fluoridation of public water supplies. In order to assess the association between fluoridation and hip fracture, we identified 129 counties across the United States considered to be exposed to public water fluoridation and 194 counties without exposure. Data from the Health Care Financing Administration and the Department of Veterans Affairs were used to calculate the incidence of hip fracture among white persons, aged 65 years or older, in fluoridated and nonfluoridated counties. There was a small statistically significant positive association between fracture rates and fluoridation. The relative risk (95% confidence interval) of fracture in fluoridated counties compared to nonfluoridated counties was 1.08 (1.06 to 1.10) for women and 1.17 (1.13 to 1.22) for men. As comparisons were made at the grouped level, it may be inappropriate at this time to draw inferences at the individual level. The relationship observed at the county level needs to be duplicated at the individual level with more precise measures of fluoride exposure.
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Hip fracture incidence before and after the fluoridation of the public water supply, Rochester, Minnesota
Recent ecological comparison studies have suggested a positive association between fluoridation and hip fracture. Using data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project, we found the incidence of hip fracture for the 10 years before the fluoridation of the Rochester, Minn, public water supply was 484 per 100,000, compared with 450 per
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Mechanical properties and density of bone in a case of severe endemic fluorosis
Mechanical properties of 25 standardized specimens of compact bone from a 45-year-old man with extreme endemic fluorosis were compared with similar specimens of nonfluorotic bone. Data from dry and wet tested specimens were compared. Tensile strength, strain, energy absorbed to failure, and modulus of elasticity were reduced in fluorotic specimens
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Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial
OBJECTIVE: To test whether slow-release sodium fluoride inhibits spinal fractures and is safe to use. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled randomized trial. INTERVENTIONS: Slow-release sodium fluoride, 25 mg twice daily, in four 14-month cycles (12 months receiving sodium fluoride followed by 2 months not receiving it) compared with placebo. Calcium citrate, 400 mg calcium twice daily, continuously in
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Bone fragility of the peripheral skeleton during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis
Bone fragility during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis was observed in 24 (37.5%) of 64 patients treated with sodium fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D for 2.5 years who developed episodes of lower-limb pain during treatment. Eighteen (28%) of these patients had clinical and roentgenographic features of 41 stress fractures and 12
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Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis
We conducted an effectiveness meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of fluoride therapy on bone loss, vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and side effects in postmenopausal women. A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Current Contents and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Registry. Two independent reviewers selected randomized controlled trials which met predetermined
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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Clinical Trials: Fluoride Treatment & Bone Fracture in Osteoporosis Patients
Due to its ability to increase bone mass, fluoride has been used as an experimental treatment for osteoporosis. The results, however, have generally been disastrous. Rather than prevent bone fractures in osteoporosis patients, fluoride therapy (at doses of 20-34 mg/day) was repeatedly found to increase fracture rates. One of the most
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Fluoride Content of Bone Impairs Bone Quality
Water Fluoridation Increases the Fluoride Content of Bone "Fluoride analyses of the cadaver material from Kuopio revealed that fluoridation of drinking water increases the fluoride concentration in bone. In some individual cases the amount of fluoride in trabecular bone may rise to relatively high levels, notably in patients with impaired renal
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Mechanisms by which fluoride may reduce bone strength
Based on a large body of animal and human research, it is now known that fluoride ingestion can reduce bone strength and increase the rate of fracture. There are several plausible mechanisms by which fluoride can reduce bone strength. As discussed below, these mechanisms include: Reduction in Cortical Bone Density De-bonding of
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Fluoride in Water & Bone Fracture
Current epidemiological evidence indicates that the margin of safety between the level of fluoride in water that does, and does not, increase the risk of fracture is insufficiently large to protect all members of society from fluoride-induced damage to bone.
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