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Fluoride studies that received NIDCR funding

Fluoride Action Network | February 4, 2022 | By Ellen Connett

In 1998, the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) was renamed the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

“The ADA [American Dental Association] sponsored the bill to create the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR)… This institute would become credited with motivating 17 countries to fluoridate their water, for training hundreds of foreign dental scientists, and for funding research in 7 foreign countries. The New York Times described the first two NIDR directors as fluoride pioneers (there were 4 such recognized fluoride pioneers) [67,68]. These NIDR directors’ were ADA members and had a long prior history of research on fluorides and micro-organisms [69]. The term fluoride appears extensively in the index of a book on the 20th century history of NIDR…”
By Philippe P. Hujoel, How a Nutritional Deficiency Became Treated with Fluoride, Nutrients, 2021.

The Forsyth Institute, Phyllis Mullenix, and the rat study that effectively banned her from working in academia

Phyllis Mullenix was hired as Chair of Toxicology at the Forysth Dental Center, now known as the Forsyth Institute, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1982. Forsyth is one of the most prestigious dental research institutes in the US and is affiliated with the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Mullenix was hired by Forsyth to study the neurotoxic effects of chemicals commonly used in dentistry. The NIDR (predesessor to the NIDCR) were highly invested in the Institute, and according to the Harvard Gazette, Forsyth received the most grant money, $12.1 million, that NIDCR gave out in 2003.

In The Fluoride Deception (2004), the author Chris Bryson describes the circumstances of how Dr. Phyllis Mullenix was fired for her prescient study, Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats, published in 1995, and the reactions of the NIDCR and NIH to it. Below is a short excerpt, but one can read the full story starting with chapter 1, Through the Looking Glass and chapter 2, Fireworks at Forsyth online here.

The Fluoride Deception (2004) by Chris Bryson

Excerpt:

In an e-mail sent to me on July 19, 2002, Dr. Robert H. Selwitz of the same agency wrote that he was “not aware of any follow-up studies” nor were the potential CNS effects of fluoride “a topic of primary focus” for government grant givers. Dr. Selwitz is the Senior Dental Epidemiologist and Director of the Residency Program in Dental Public Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH. At first he appeared to suggest that the Mullenix study [Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats] had little relevance for human beings, telling me that her rats were “fed fluoride at levels as high as 175 times the concentration found in fluoridated drinking water.”

But his statement was subtly misleading. Rats and humans have very different metabolisms, and in laboratory experiments these differences must be compensated for. The critical measurement in studying effects on the central nervous system is not how much fluoride is given to the laboratory animals but how much of the chemical, after they drink it, subsequently appears in the animals’ blood. The amount of fluoride in the blood of the Mullenix rats—a measurement known as the blood serum level—had been the equivalent of what would appear in the blood of a human drinking about 5 parts per million of fluoride in water. This, of course, is just five times the level the government suggests is “optimal” for fluoridated water-1 ppm. I asked Dr. Selwitz, therefore, if it was fair to portray the Mullenix rats as having drunk “175 times” the amount of fluoride that citizens normally consume from fluoridated water.

Wasn’t the “blood serum” measurement and comparison more relevant? Wasn’t his statement, inadvertently at least, misleading?

Dr. Selwitz, who had just been ready to dispense medical arguments and implied reassurances as to why Mullenix’s research was not relevant to human beings, now explained that he could not answer my question.

“The questions you are asking in your recent e-mail message involve the field of fluoride physiology,” wrote the senior dental epidemiologist at NIDCR. “This subject is not my area of expertise

Some studies funded by the NIDCR (we will add more as time allows)

Year

Authors

Affiliation
(# of authors)

Publication

Title
2021
Ko A, Banks JT,
Hill CM,
Donald L Chi
 U. of Washington – 3 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
62(2):e69-e76
Oct 1, 2021.
 Fluoride Prescribing Behaviors for Medicaid-Enrolled Children in Oregon.
2021
Warren JJ
Levy SM
Xu Y
Daly JM
Eckert GJ
Clements D
Hara AT
Jackson R
Katz BP
Keels MA
Levy BT
Fontana M
 U. of Iowa – 5
Indiana U. – 4
Duke U. – 2
U. of Michigan – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
43(4):287-289
July 1.
 Tooth Eruption and Early Childhood Caries: A Multisite Longitudinal Study.
2021
Lumsden CL,
Edelstein BL,
Basch CE,
Wolf RL,
Koch PA,
McKeague I,
Leu CS,
Andrews H.
 Columbia U. –  8 BMC Oral Health
21(1):246
May 7.		 Protocol for a family-centered behavioral intervention to reduce early childhood caries: the MySmileBuddy program efficacy trial.
2021
Saha PK,
Oweis RR,
Zhang X,
Letuchy E,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Burns TL,
Warren JJ,
Janz KF,
Torner JC,
Snetselaar LG,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 11 Bone
146:115882
Feb 10.		 Effects of fluoride intake on cortical and trabecular bone microstructure at early adulthood using multi-row detector computed tomography (MDCT).
2021

Fujiwara N,
Whitford GM,
Bartlett JD,
Suzuki M.

  Augusta U. (GA) – 3
Ohio State U. – 1		 Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
273:116495.
Jan 11.
 Curcumin suppresses cell growth and attenuates fluoride-mediated Caspase-3 activation in ameloblast-like LS8 cells.
2021
Kang T,
Levy SM,
Datta S
 U. of Iowa – 1
U. of Florida – 2		 Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift
63(4):761-786.
Jan 4.
 Analyzing longitudinal clustered count data with zero inflation: Marginal modeling using the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution.
2021
Hayes C
Douglass CW
Kim FM
Burgard SL
Couper D
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 1. U. of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
2. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
3. Consultant, Texas
4. U. of North Carolina
5. U. of North Carolina		 Journal of the American Dental Association
152(5):344-353.e10.
Mar 18.		 A case-control study of topical and supplemental fluoride use and osteosarcoma risk.
2020
Wang L,
Ren J,
Fiscella KA,
*Bullock S,
Sanders MR,
Loomis EL,
Eliav E,
Mendoza M,
Cacciato R,
Thomas M,
Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT,
Billings RJ,
Xiao J
 U. of Rochester – 12
*Healthy Baby Network		 BMC Oral Health
20(1):333.
Nov 23.		 Interprofessional collaboration and smartphone use as promising strategies to improve prenatal oral health care utilization among US underserved women: results from a qualitative study.
2020
Kang T,
Gaskins J,
Levy S,
Datta S
 U. of Iowa – 1
U. of Florida – 2
U. of Louisville – 1		 Statistics in Medicine
40(6):1336-1356.
Dec 23.		 A longitudinal Bayesian mixed effects model with hurdle Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution.
2020
Marshall TA,
Curtis AM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 5 Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
121(2):253-260.
Oct 24.
 Beverage Intakes and Toothbrushing During Childhood Are Associated With Caries at Age 17 Years.
2020
Cocco AR,
Cuevas-Suárez CE,
Liu Y,
Lund RG,
Piva E,
Hwang G
 Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil – 4
U. of Pennsylvania – 2		 Biofouling
36(3):245-255.
Mar 1.		 Anti-biofilm activity of a novel pit and fissure self-adhesive sealant modified with metallic monomers.
2020
Kim P,
Daly JM,
Berkowitz S,
Levy BT
 U. of Iowa – 3
Genesis Health System – 1		 Journal of Primary Care
& Community Health
Jan 1.		 Use of the Fluoride Varnish Billing Code in a Tertiary Care Center Setting.
2020
Kim FM,
Hayes C,
Burgard SL,
Kim HD,
Hoover RN,
Douglass CW,
Couper D
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 1.Consultant
2.Boston U.
3.U.of North Carolina
4.Seoul National U.
5.Natl. Cancer Institute
6.Harvard School DentalMedicine		 Journal of Dental Research 99(10):1157-1164.
May 11.
 A Case-Control Study of Fluoridation and Osteosarcoma.
2020
Curtis AM,
Levy SM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Kolker JL,
Weber-Gasparoni K
 U. of Iowa – 6 Journal of Dental Research
99(4):388-394.
Feb 24.

Decline in Dental Fluorosis Severity during Adolescence: A Cohort Study.

-study also funded by
Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust
Delta Dental Foundation
2020
Deng H1,
Fujiwara N2,
Cui H1,
Whitford GM2,
Bartlett JD3,
Suzuki M2
 Sichuan Agricultural U. (China) – 2
Augusta U. – 3
Ohio State U. – 1		 Chemosphere
247:125825.
Jan 3.
 Histone acetyltransferase promotes fluoride toxicity in LS8 cells.
2020

Metcalf KM,
Letuchy EM,
Levy SM,
Janz KF

 U. of Iowa – 4 Pediatric Exercise Science 32(1):58-64.
Jan 2.		 An 8-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Physical Activity and Bone Strength From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: The Iowa Bone Development Study.
2019
Curiel JA,
Sanders AE,
Slade GD
  U. of North Carolina – 3 JDR Clinical and Translational Research
5(4):376-384.
Nov 25.
 Emulation of Community Water Fluoridation Coverage Across US Counties.
2019
Ghazal TS,
Childers NK,
Levy SM
 U.of Iowa – 1
Dentist – 1
U.of Alabama at Birmingham – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
41(6):472-476.
Nov 1.		 Models to Predict Future Permanent Tooth Caries Incidence in Children Using Primary Teeth Caries Experience.
2019
Bay CP,
Levy SM,
Janz KF,
Smith BJ,
Shaffer JR,
Marazita ML,
Burns TL
 U. of Iowa – 4
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston – 1
U. of Pittsburgh – 2		 Journal of Clinical Densitometry
24(1):44-54.
Sep 27.
 Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Longitudinal Bone Mineral Content Data From the Iowa Bone Development Study.
2019
Daly JM,
Levy SM,
Xu Y,
Jackson RD,
Eckert GJ,
Levy BT,
Fontana M
 U. of Iowa – 4
Indiana U. – 2
U. of Michigan – 1		 Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
10:2150132719836908.
Jan 1.		 Changes in Parental Perceptions of Their Care of Their Children’s Oral Health From Age 1 to 4 Years.
2019
Marshall TA,
Curtis AM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 5 Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
119(3):425-434.
Jan 9.		 Child and Adolescent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intakes Are Longitudinally Associated with Higher Body Mass Index z Scores in a Birth Cohort Followed 17 Years.
2019
Janz KF,
Letuchy EM,
Peterson C,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 4 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
51(5):1064-1072.
May 1.		 Contribution of High School Sport Participation to Young Adult Bone Strength.
2019
Godebo TR,
Jeuland M,
Tekle-Haimanot R,
Shankar A,
Alemayehu B,
Assefa G,
Whitford G,
Wolfe A
 Tulane U. – 2
Duke U. – 1
Addis Ababa U. – 2
Augusta U. – 1
U. of Kentucky – 1		 Bone Reports
12:100235.
Dec 7.
 Bone quality in fluoride-exposed populations: A novel application of the ultrasonic method.
2019
Curiel JA,
Slade GD,
Christian TL,
Lafferty-Hess S,
Carsey TM,
Sanders AE
 U. of North Carolina – 6 BMJ Open
9(2):e022580.
Feb 1.		 Referendum opposition to fluoridation and health literacy: a cross-sectional analysis conducted in three large US cities.
2019
Randall CL,
Hort K,
Huebner CE,
Mallott E,
Mancl L,
Milgrom P,
Nelson L,
Senturia K,
Weiner BJ,
Cunha-Cruz J
 U. of Washington – 8
Washington State U. – 1		 JDR Clinical and Translational Research
5(2):156-165.
Sep 9.
 Organizational Readiness to Implement System Changes in an Alaskan Tribal Dental Care Organization.
2018
Ghazal TS,
Levy SM,
Childers NK,
Carter KD,
Caplan DJ,
Warren JJ,
Kolker JL
 U. of Iowa – 6
U. of Alabama at Birmingham – 1		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
79(1):10-17.
Sep 20.		 Survival analysis of caries incidence in African-American school-aged children.
2018
Fontana M,
Eckert GJ,
Keels MA,
Jackson R,
Katz BP,
Kemper AR,
Levy BT5,
Levy SM,
Yanca E,
Kelly S,
Daly JM,
Patterson B,
McKnight P
 U. of Iowa – 3
U. of Michigan – 2
Indiana U. – 4
Duke U. – 2
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, OH – 1George Mason U. -1		 Journal of Dental Research
98(1):68-76
Sep 11.		 Predicting Caries in Medical Settings: Risk Factors in Diverse Infant Groups.
2018
Levy SM,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Warren JJ,
Kavand G,
Letuchy E,
Broffitt B,
Marshall TA,
Burns TL,
Janz KF,
Pauley C,
Torner JC,
Phipps K
 U. of Iowa – 11
Research consultant  -|		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(4):352-359.
Aug 29.		 Associations of fluoride intake with children’s cortical bone mineral and strength measures at age 11.
2018
Oweis RR,
Levy SM,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Warren JJ,
Burns TL,
Janz KF,
Torner JC,
Saha PK,
Letuchy E
  U. of Iowa – 9 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
46(6):527-534.
Jul 1.

Fluoride intake and cortical and trabecular bone characteristics in adolescents at age 17: A prospective cohort study.

 
2018
Curtis AM,
VanBuren J,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Marshall TA,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 6 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(4):321-328.
May 12.
 Longitudinal associations between dental caries increment and risk factors in late childhood and adolescence.
2018
Fontana M,
Eckert GJ,
Keels MA,
Jackson R,
Katz B,
Levy BT,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 2
U., of Michigan – 1
Indiana U. -3
Duke U. – 1		 Advances in Dental Research 29(1):24-34.
Feb 1.
 Fluoride Use in Health Care Settings: Association with Children’s Caries Risk.
2018
Curiel JA,
Sanders AE,
Christian TL,
Lafferty-Hess S,
Carsey TM,
Lampiris LN,
Slade GD
 U. of North Carolina – 7 Journal of the American Dental Association
149(4):273-280.e3.
Feb 14.
 Fluoridation advocacy in referenda where media coverage is balanced yet biased..
2018
*Slade GD,
Grider WB,
Maas WR,
*Sanders AE
  U. of North Carolina (2*) Journal of Dental Research 97(10):1122-1128.
Jun 14.
 Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries in U.S. Children and Adolescents.
2018
Senturia K,
Fiset L,
Hort K,
Huebner C,
Mallott E,
Milgrom P,
Nelson L,
Parrish C,
Cunha-Cruz J
  U. of Washington – 6
Washington State U. – 1		 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
46(4):416-424.
Jun 4.		 Dental health aides in Alaska: A qualitative assessment to improve paediatric oral health in remote rural villages.
2018
Horst JA,
Tanzer JM,
Milgrom PM
 U. of California – 1
U. of Connecticut – 1
U. of Washington – 1		 Dental Clinics of North America
62(2):207-234.
Apr 1.
 Fluorides and Other Preventive Strategies for Tooth Decay.
2018
Horst JA
  U. of California – 1 Advances in Dental Research
29(1):135-140.
Feb 1.
 Silver Fluoride as a Treatment for Dental Caries.
2017
Warren JJ,
Van Buren JM,
Levy SM,
Marshall TA,
Cavanaugh JE,
Curtis AM,
Kolker JL,
Weber-Gasparoni K
  U. of Iowa – 8 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
45(6):538-544.
Jul 3.
 Dental caries clusters among adolescents.
2017
Bhagavatula P,
Curtis A,
Broffitt B,
Weber-Gasparoni K,
Warren J,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 3
Marquette U., WI – 1		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(2):165-174.
Dec 29.		 The relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth.
2017

Suzuki M,
Everett ET,
Whitford GM,
Bartlett JD

 Ohio State U. -2
U. of Columbus -1
U. of Georgia – 1		 Frontiers in Physiology
8:302.
May 11.
 4-phenylbutyrate Mitigates Fluoride-Induced Cytotoxicity in ALC Cells.
2017
Tiwari T,
Albino J
  U. of Colorado – 2 Dental Clinics of North America
61(3):549-563.
May 4.
 Acculturation and Pediatric Minority Oral Health Interventions.
2017
Milgrom P,
Horst JA,
Ludwig S,
Rothen M,
Chaffee BW,
Lyalina S,
Pollard KS,
DeRisi JL,
Mancl L
 U. of Washington – 3
U. of California – 5		 Journal of Dentistry
68:72-78.
Sept 1.
 Topical silver diamine fluoride for dental caries arrest in preschool children: A randomized controlled trial and microbiological analysis of caries associated microbes and resistance gene expression.
2016

Barker JC,
Guerra C,
Gonzalez-Vargas MJ,
Hoeft KS

 U. of California – 4 Plos one
11(7):e0158540.
July 8.
 Acceptability of Salt Fluoridation in a Rural Latino Community in the United States: An Ethnographic Study.
2016
Horst JA,
Ellenikiotis H,
Milgrom PL
 U. of California – 2
U. of Washington – 1		 Journal of the California Dental Association
44(1):16-28.
Jan 1.
 UCSF Protocol for Caries Arrest Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: Rationale, Indications and Consent.
2016
Chi DL,
Zegarra G,
Vasquez Huerta EC,
Castillo JL,
Milgrom P,
Roberts MC
Cabrera-Matta AR,
Merino AP
 U. of Washington – 4
U.Alas Peruanas, Peru – 1
U. Catolica de Santa Maria, Peru – 1
U. Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru – 2		 Journal of Dentistry for Children (Chicago, Ill.)
 83(3):152-16.
Sept 1.
 Milk Sweetened with Xylitol: A Proof-of-Principle Caries Prevention Randomized Clinical Trial.
2016

Ghazal TS,
Levy SM,
Childers NK,
Broffitt BA,
Caplan DJ,
Warren JJ,
Cavanaugh JE,
Kolker J

 U. of Iowa – 7
U. of Alabama – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
38(3):224-230.
Jan1.
 Dental Caries in High-risk, School-age African American Children in Alabama: A Six-year Prospective.
2016

Bryant LL,
Quissell DO,
Braun PA,
Henderson WG,
Johs N,
George C,
Smith V,
Toledo N,
Thomas J,
Albino JE

 U. of Colorado – 10 Journal of Community Health
41(2):340-353.
Apr 1.
 A Community-Based Oral Health Intervention in Navajo Nation Head Start: Participation Factors and Contextual Challenges.
2015
Chaitanya P. Puranik, Kathleen A. Ryan, Zhaoyu Yin,
E. Angeles Martinez-Mier,
John S. Preisser,
Eric T. Everett
 U. of North Carolina – 5
Indiana U. – 1
Cells Tissues Organs
200(6):413–423.

Sep 19.

Fluoride Modulates Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in vivo and in vitro.
2015
Riedy CA,
Weinstein P,
Mancl L,
Garson G,
Huebner CE,
Milgrom P,
Grembowski D,
Shepherd-Banigan M,
Smolen D,
Sutherland M
 U. of Washington – 9 Social Science & Medicine (1982)
144:9-18.
Sept 8.
 Dental attendance among low-income women and their children following a brief motivational counseling intervention: A community randomized trial.
2015 Albino J,
Tiwari T.		  U. of Colorado – 2 Journal of Dental Research 95(1):35-42.
Oct 15.
 Preventing Childhood Caries: A Review of Recent Behavioral Research.
2014
Milgrom P,
Taves DM,
Kim AS,
Watson GE,
Horst JA
 U. of Washington – 3
U. of Rochester – 1
U. of California – 1		 Pediatrics
134(3):e870-4.
Aug 18.
 Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in toddlers after application of 5% sodium fluoride dental varnish.
2014
Ghazal T,
Levy SM,
Childers NK,
Broffitt B,
Cutter G,
Wiener HW,
Kempf M,
Warren J,
Cavanaugh J
 U. of Iowa – 9 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
75(1):42-48.
Sep 11.		 Prevalence and incidence of early childhood caries among African-American children in Alabama.
2014
Hong L,
Levy SM,
Warren JJ,
Broffitt B
 U. of Iowa – 3
U. of Tennessee – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry, 36(4):342-347.
Jul 1.
 Infant breast-feeding and childhood caries: a nine-year study.
2014 Cláudia A. N. Kobayashi, Aline L. Leite,
Camila Peres-Buzalaf,
Juliane G. Carvalho,
Gary M. Whitford
Eric T. Everett
Walter L. Siqueira,
Marília A. R. Buzalaf
U. of Sao Paulo – 3
U. do Sagrado Coracao – 1
Georgia U. – 1
U. of North Carolina – 1
Western U. (Ontario) – 1		 PLoS One
9(12): e114343.
Dec 1.
 Bone response to fluoride exposure is influenced by genetics.
2014
Levy SM,
Warren JJ,
*Phipps K,
Letuchy E,
Broffitt B,
Eichenberger-Gilmore J,
Burns TL,
Kavand G,
Janz KF,
Torner JC,
Pauley CA
 U. of  Iowa – 10
* Consultant		 Journal of Dental Research
93(4): 353–359.
Apr.
 Effects of life-long fluoride intake on bone measures of adolescents: a prospective cohort study.
2014
*Huebner CE,
Milgrom P
 *U. of Washington – 1 International Journal of Dental Hygiene
13(1):65-73.
July 29.		 Evaluation of a parent-designed programme to support tooth brushing of infants and young children.
2014
Casamassimo PS,
Lee JY,
Marazita ML,
Milgrom P,
Chi DL,
Divaris K
 Ohio State U. – 1
U. of North Carolina – 2
U. of Pittsburgh – 1
U. of Washington – 2		 Journal of Dental Research
93(10):938-942.
Aug 13.
 Improving children’s oral health: an interdisciplinary research framework.
2014
Chi DL,
Tut O,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington – 2
Griffith U. (Australia) – 1		 Journal of Dentistry for Children (Chicago, Ill.)
81(1):27-32.
Jan 1.
 Cluster-randomized xylitol toothpaste trial for early childhood caries prevention.
2014
Weinstein P,
Milgrom P1,
Riedy CA,
Mancl LA,
Garson G,
Huebner CE,
Smolen D,
Sutherland M,
Nykamp A
 U. of Washington – 8
Klamath County Public Health – 1		 BMC Oral Health
14:15.
Feb 24.
 Treatment fidelity of brief motivational interviewing and health education in a randomized clinical trial to promote dental attendance of low-income mothers and children: Community-Based Intergenerational Oral Health Study “Baby Smiles“.
2013
Ritter AV,
Bader JD,
Leo MC,
Preisser JS,
Shugars DA,
Vollmer WM,
Amaechi BT,
Holland JC
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 5
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research – 1
U. of Texas – 1		 Journal of Dental Research
92(6):512-517.
Apr 15.
 Tooth-surface-specific effects of xylitol: randomized trial results.
2013
Milgrom P,
Riedy CA,
Weinstein P,
Mancl LA,
Garson G,
Huebner CE,
Smolen D,
Sutherland M
 U. of Washington – 7
Klamath County Public Health – 1		 BMC Oral Health
13:38.
Aug 6.		 Design of a community-based intergenerational oral health study: “Baby Smiles”.
2012 .

Wang X,
Willing MC,
Marazita ML,
Wendell S,
Warren JJ,
Broffitt B,
Smith B,
Busch T,
Lidral AC,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 6
U. of Pittsburgh – 3
Washington U., MO – 1		 Caries Research
46(3):177-184.
Apr 13.
 Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study.
2012
Nelson S,
Lee W,
Albert JM,
Singer LT
 Case Western University – 3 Journal of Dental Research
91(9):859-864.
Jul 20.
 Early maternal psychosocial factors are predictors for adolescent caries.
2011
F.M. Kim,
C. Hayes,
P.L. Williams,
G.M. Whitford,
K.J. Joshipura,
R.N. Hoover,
C.W. Douglass,
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 1, 3, 7. Harvard
2. Tufts Medical Center
4.Georgia School of Dentistry
5. U. of Puerto Rico
6.National Cancer Institute		 Journal of Dental Research
90(10): 1171–1176.
Oct.		 An Assessment of Bone Fluoride and Osteosarcoma.
2010
Vann WF Jr,
Lee JY,
Baker D,
Divaris K
 U. of North Carolina – 4 Journal of Dental Research 89(12):1395-1400.
Oct 5.
 Oral health literacy among female caregivers: impact on oral health outcomes in early childhood.
2010
*Shen C,
*Zhang NZ,
Anusavice KJ
  U. of Florida Journal of Dental Research
89(9): 1002–1006.
Sept.		 Fluoride and chlorhexidine release from filled resins.
2009
*Tinanoff N
Reisine S
 U. of Maryland – 1* Academic Pediatrics
9(6):396-403.
Nov 1.
 Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General’s Report.
2009
Coolidge T,
Heaton LJ,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington – 3 SAAD Digest
25:29-36.
Jan 1.
 The challenge of sedation with adolescents: case studies and clinical recommendations.
2004
Milgrom P,
Garcia RI,
Ismail A,
Katz RV,
Weintraub JA
 U. of Washington – 1
U. of California (SF) – 1
U. of Michigan – 1
New York U. – 1		 Journal of the American Dental Association
135(10):1389-1396.
Oct 1.		 Improving America’s access to care: The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research addresses oral health disparities.
1989
Chan JT1,
Qiu CC,
Whitford GM,
Weatherred JG,
Clardy RK

1. U. of Texas

Whitford

 Archives of Oral Biology
34(11):885-888 .
Jan 1.		 The distribution of fluoride of prenatal origin in the rat–a pilot study.

 

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