Drinking water type of endemic fluorosis, also known as drinking water fluorosis, is a chronic condition that occurs when individuals consume high-fluoride water over an extended period. This leads to the development of dental and skeletal fluorosis (1). Drinking water fluorosis is a global issue, affecting over 60 countries and regions. It poses a significant public health concern in 25 countries, impacting approximately 200 million individuals (2). In China, drinking water fluorosis is a preva
4. Discussion
... Fluoridation of drinking water has been implemented in multiple countries to promote dental health. These findings can help inform whether fluoridation practices are an optimal cost-effective measure to improve health. Even though fluoride can be excreted from the body within hours, a potential long-lasting endocrine-disrupting role of the chemical should be considered in future studies. In this study, we identified an environmental and modifiable potential risk factor for car
5. Conclusion
First, fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation may cause neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring mice, including abnormal expression of genes related to synaptic function, and aneurotransmitters’ accumulation; the magnitude and spectrum of response to fluoride exposure in parents and offspring are significantly different.
Second, in mice exposed to fluoride during gestation and lactation, metabolic accumulation of choline and arachidonic acid and their derivati
*Original full-text article online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412023006098
1. Introduction
... Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed cell death characterized by specific biochemical and morphological features that culminate in cellular shrinkage to apoptotic bodies that are engulfed by neighboring macrophages [[12]]. This occurs without an accompanying inflammatory response. Characterized morphological changes accompanying apoptosis include cleavage of cytoskeletal filament fibers, cell cytoplasm, and nucleus condense, DNA fragmentation by the action of end
Introduction
Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal progenitor cells and are the main functional cells for bone formation [[1], [2], [3]]. They are responsible for the synthesis, secretion and mineralization of bone matrix and can secrete various bioactive substances for bone formation and reconstruction [[1], [2], [3]]. In the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, uncontrolled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and excessive oxidative injury will lead to significant damage and death of osteo
Introduction
Endemic fluorosis is a chemical disease that affects people all over the world. It is also one of the most serious diseases that naturally occur in China. Dental fluorosis is a precursor and specific indicator of chronic fluorosis in the oral cavity and has a significant impact around the world. When dental fluorosis develops, it not only changes how a person looks but can also affect their mental health in different ways. According to the results of the fourth oral epidemi
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