Abstract
The water-extractable fluoride content of nine packed teas, ten instant tea powders, and ten tea beverages manufactured in China, Japan, Taiwan, and the USA was determined by the fluoride ion specific electrode method. Among the black, green, and Oolong packed teas, the F content ranged from 41.5 to 212.4 mg F/kg tea. Among the instant tea powders, the range was broader: 25.9 to 631.3 mg F/kg tea, the latter in a black tea from Taiwan. The bottled and canned tea beverages had fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.20 to 1.80 mg F/L, with the highest in Oolong tea beverages. Chronic toxic levels of fluoride consumption from some of these tea products are possible. The packaging paper of packed teas and the addition of milk had no effect the fluoride concentrations in the infusions.
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Effect of fluoride on chemical constituents of tea leaves.
Seedlings of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.), were grown hydroponically for 30 days to study the effect of fluoride (F) on the chemical composition and minerals in the leaves. Polyphenols, total catechins, and protein decreased significantly with increasing exposure to F. Except for epigallocatechin, most of the monomeric catechins
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Fluoride levels in various black tea commodities: measurement and safety evaluation.
In order to determine the fluoride content of various products of black tea and to make safety evaluations, 37 commodities in the different manufactured forms of tea were assessed by means of ion-selective electrode and spectrophotometric methods. The results showed wide differences in fluoride levels. The fluoride content was found
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Comparison of total ionic strength adjustment buffers III and IV in the measurement of fluoride concentration of teas.
BACKGROUND: Tea is the second most consumed drink in the UK and a primary source of hydration; it is an important source of dietary fluoride (F) for consumers and also abundant in aluminium (Al). Varying ranges of F concentrations in teas have been reported worldwide which may be, in part,
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Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan
Tea is a popular drink around the world. It is also one of the major sources of fluoride intake. The objectives of this study were to assess fluoride concentrations in popular non-, semi-, and full-fermented tea drinks sold on the Taiwan market. Concentration differences among three types of commercially available tea drinks (tea leaf,
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Serum fluoride concentrations in renal insufficiency
In an area with non-fluoridated water (F content, 0.061 ppm), serum fluoride concentrations as measured with an ion specific electrode were as follows: controls (N = 13), 0.0127 ppm + 0.0057 (mean + SD); renal insufficiency (N = 10), 0.0452 ppm + 0.0151; chronic hemodialysis (N = 11), 0.0424 +
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The Lancet: Fluoride Studies in a Patient with Arthritis
It is possible that fluoride intake from tea may be sufficient to cause fluorosis, and I report here a case which gives some evidence for this.
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Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality.
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul 14;52(14):4472-6. Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality. Lu Y, Guo WF, Yang XQ. Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China. Abstract: The tea plant is known as a fluorine accumulator. Fluoride (F) content in fresh leaves collected
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Skeletal Fluorosis in the U.S.
Although there has been a notable absence of systematic studies on skeletal fluorosis in the U.S., the available evidence indicates that the consumption of artificially fluoridated water is likely to cause skeletal fluorosis and other forms of bone disease in people with kidney disease and other vulnerable populations.
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Exposure Pathways Linked to Skeletal Fluorosis
Excessive fluoride exposure from any source -- and from all sources combined -- can cause skeletal fluorosis. Some exposure pathways , however, have been specifically identified as placing individuals at risk of skeletal fluorosis. These exposure pathways include: Fluoridated Water for Kidney Patients Excessive Tea Consumption High-Fluoride Well Water Industrial Fluoride Exposure Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals (Voriconazole
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Estimated "Threshold" Doses for Skeletal Fluorosis
For over 40 years health authorities stated that in order to develop crippling skeletal fluorosis, one would need to ingest between 20 and 80 mg of fluoride per day for at least 10 or 20 years. This belief, however, which played an instrumental role in shaping current fluoride policies, is now acknowledged by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and other US health authorities to be incorrect.
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