Abstract

States of oral health and disease reflect the compositional and functional capacities of, as well as the interspecies interactions within, the oral microbiota. The oral cavity exists as a highly dynamic microbial environment that harbors many distinct substrata and microenvironments that house diverse microbial communities. Specific to the oral cavity, the nonshedding dental surfaces facilitate the development of highly complex polymicrobial biofilm communities, characterized not only by the distinct microbes comprising them, but cumulatively by their activities. Adding to this complexity, the oral cavity faces near?constant environmental challenges, including those from host diet, salivary flow, masticatory forces, and introduction of exogenous microbes. The composition of the oral microbiome is shaped throughout life by factors including host genetics, maternal transmission, as well as environmental factors, such as dietary habits, oral hygiene practice, medications, and systemic factors. This dynamic ecosystem presents opportunities for oral microbial dysbiosis and the development of dental and periodontal diseases. The application of both in vitro and culture?independent approaches has broadened the mechanistic understandings of complex polymicrobial communities within the oral cavity, as well as the environmental, local, and systemic underpinnings that influence the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Here, we review the present knowledge and current understanding of microbial communities within the oral cavity and the influences and challenges upon this system that encourage homeostasis or provoke microbiome perturbation, and thus contribute to states of oral health or disease.

Figures

FIGURE 1

The Oral Microbiome: From First…

*Full-text study online at https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34463991#free-full-text

7.2. Toothpaste

The effects of toothpaste on the oral microbiota have been investigated more thoroughly than the effects of toothbrushes. In the same study as previously described,³³ the researchers also compared the oral and toothbrush microbiotas of participants who used either traditional Chinese medicine toothpaste or antibacterial toothpaste. While both types of toothpaste effectively reduced the numbers of a selection of pathogenic bacteria, they also suppressed oral S salivarius and L salivarius, both of which are considered beneficial. The toothpastes reduced bacterial numbers to differing degrees: ingredients in the Chinese toothpaste, such as honeysuckle, pseudo?ginseng, and mint, which replace antibacterial ingredients like sodium fluoride, permitted growth of higher numbers of bacteria. Other toothpaste formulations have been developed formulated to shift oral ecology, rather than to completely decimate the microbiota. Zendium^TM contains proteins designed to promote oral health and limit disease?associated organisms. Amyloglucosidase, glucose oxidase, and lactoperoxidase are added to promote production of hydrogen peroxide and hypothiocyanite, both of which exert antibacterial activity against plaque?forming species. Zendium also contains lysozyme, lactoferrin, and IgG. A randomized clinical study comparing Zendium toothpaste with a control toothpaste containing fluoride showed that brushing with Zendium increased the abundance of organisms associated with gum health and decreased the numbers of those associated with periodontal disease. These results prove an important concept, namely that oral ecology can be manipulated via the introduction of biochemical mediators. Future studies in this area will probe the metabolic output of these restructured communities, providing a more complete picture of the potential benefits shown in these preliminary results.³⁴

References

33. Shang Q, Gao Y, Qin T, Wang S, Shi Y, Chen T. Interaction of oral and toothbrush microbiota affects oral cavity health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:17. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [Google Scholar]
34. Adams S, Arnold D, Murphy B, et al. A randomised clinical study to determine the effect of a toothpaste containing enzymes and proteins on plaque oral microbiome ecology. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1?12. [Europe PMC free article] [Abstract] [Google Scholar]

Print PDF

• Related Studies :

  • Systemic fluoride. Sources, amounts, and effects of ingestion

    Fluoride may be ingested from a variety of sources, including many foods and beverages. Fluoride intake varies greatly among individuals and is dependent on dietary constituents and use of fluoride products. Although ingestion of toxic amounts of fluoride is rare, the prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased in North America, suggesting that the levels of fluoride ingestion

  • Fluoride: A review of use and effects on health.

    Introduction: Appropriate oral health care is fundamental for any individual’s health. Dental caries is still one of the major public health problems. The most effective way of caries prevention is the use of fluoride. Aim: The aim of our research was to review the literature about fluoride toxicity and to inform physicians, dentists

  • Toxicity and effect of whitening toothpastes on enamel surface.

    Abstract This in vitro study evaluated the biocompatibility and abrasivity of whitening and conventional toothpastes. Samples of conventional (non-whitening) - Edel White Infant (EWI) - and whitening toothpastes - Edel White Whitening (EWW), Edel White CAREFORTE (EWC), Colgate Total 12 Ò Professional (C), and Oral-B Whitening (OB) - were dissolved in

  • Skeletal fluorosis due to excessive tea and toothpaste consumption.

    We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman who presented with a metatarsal fracture and was found to have a bone mineral density (BMD) T-score of +11 in the lumbar spine and +7.6 in the hip. Subsequent investigation revealed very high serum, urine and tissue fluoride levels, associated with excessive

  • Fluoridated toothpaste: usage and ingestion of fluoride by 4- to 6-yr-old children in England

    Fluoridated toothpaste is effective for dental caries control, yet may be a risk factor for dental fluorosis. This study aimed to quantify fluoride ingestion from toothpaste by children and to investigate the effects of age, gender, and social class on the amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session. Sixty-one children, 4-6 yr of age,

• Related FAN Content :

  • Fluoride Dentrifice and Stomatitis

    Statistical data of 133 patients who have been using fluoride dental cream or powder have been presented. Each has developed intraoral ulcerative lesions. Many have been treated for other complaints without clearance of the lesions. Age is not significant. Repeated insults with the fluoride dentrifices produced increasingly severe excoriations. There seems to be nothing specific about the lesions to differentiate them from other diseases of an oral nature.

  • Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Toothpaste Ingestion

    The Food & Drug Administration now requires that all fluoride toothpastes sold in the United States bear the following poison warning: "WARNING: Keep out of reach of children under 6 years of age. If you accidentally swallow more than used for brushing, seek professional help or contact a poison control center immediately." The

  • Fluoride Toothpaste: A Cause of Acne-like Eruptions

    I feel that I should share with my colleagues in dermatology an observation relative to the treatment of problem acne.

  • Fluoride Toothpaste: A Cause of Perioral Dermatitis

    We have gathered clinical and historical data implicating fluoride dentrifices as an important etiologic factor in this dermatosis. The following two cases support this observation.

  • Fluoride & Perioral Dermatitis

    Perioral dermatitis (PD) is a common rosacea-like dermatitis that was never reported prior to the mid-fifties. Although it can affect both sexes and all ages, most patients are women ages 20-50 years. Patients with PD frequently report a pre-existing tendency to blush. This disease is most likely multifactorial in origin, and fluoride preparations in dentrifices probably have played a role as precipitator.