Abstract
Highlights
- Fluoride induce e.g. oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in endocrine tissues.
- Fluoride causes changes in the level of hormones released from endocrine tissues.
- Fluoride causes changes in the morphology of endocrine tissues.
Abstract
The effects of fluoride on endocrine tissues has not been sufficiently explored to date. The current body of knowledge suggest significant effects of that mineral on reducing sex hormone levels, which may consequently impair fertility and disrupt puberty. The majority of studies confirm that sodium fluoride increases TSH levels and decreases the concentrations of T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid. Moreover, a correlation was observed between NaF and increased secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands, without a significant impact on body calcium levels. Probably, fluoride may exert adverse effects on insulin levels, impairing pancreatic function and resulting in abnormal glucose tolerance. Observations also include decreased levels of cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands. In light of the few existing studies, the mechanism of fluoride toxicity on the endocrine system has been described.
Graphical abstract
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N-acetylcysteine alleviates fluoride-induced testicular apoptosis by modulating IRE1?/JNK signaling and nuclear Nrf2 activation.
Highlights NaF exposure triggered testicular apoptosis and sex hormonal disruption. NaF exposure increased the expression of ER stress mediators in testis of rat. NAC pretreatment attenuated IRE1?-JNK-mediated apoptosis induced by NaF. The alteration of Nrf2-dependent redox homeostasis was involved in the protective effect of NAC against NaF-induced testicular apoptosis. We previously
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Protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on fluoride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat endometrium
High fluoride intake may affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, which may enhance lipid peroxidation levels of the tissues, thus leading to oxidative damage. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a component of honeybee propolis, protects tissues from reactive oxygen species mediated oxidative stress in ischemia-reperfusion and toxic injuries. Several
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Fluoride toxicity in the male reproductive system
This review covers the current scientific understanding of the links between environmental exposure to fluoride (F) and its known or potential effects on human male fertility. The most important consequences of these F exposures are: changes in the structure and functional behavior of spermatozoa, disruption of spermatogenesis, and disturbances of
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Challenges of fluoride pollution in environment: Mechanisms and pathological significance of toxicity – A review.
Highlights Fluoride exposure induces mitochondrial function dysfunction. Fluoride exposure mediates organs injury involved in apoptosis and autophagy. Fluoride exposure induces inflammatory reaction. Fluoride exposure results changes in intestinal microbial abundance. Fluoride is an important trace element in the living body. A suitable amount of fluoride has a beneficial effect on
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The effects and underlying mechanism of excessive iodide on excessive fluoride-induced thyroid cytotoxicity
In many regions, excessive fluoride and excessive iodide coexist in groundwater, which may lead to biphasic hazards to human thyroid. To explore fluoride-induced thyroid cytotoxicity and the mechanism underlying the effects of excessive iodide on fluoride-induced cytotoxicity, a thyroid cell line (Nthy-ori 3-1) was exposed to excessive fluoride and/or excessive
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Fluoride & Oxidative Stress
A vast body of research demonstrates that fluoride exposure increases oxidative stress. Based on this research, it is believed that fluoride-induced oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying the various toxic effects associated with fluoride exposure. It is also well established that fluoride's toxic effects can be ameliorated by exposure
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Fluoride's Effect on Male Reproductive System: Animal Studies
Over 60 studies on animals (including rats, mice, roosters, and rabbits) have found that fluoride adversely impacts the male reproductive system. These studies have repeatedly found the following effects: (1) decreases in testosterone levels; (2) reduced sperm motility; (3) altered sperm morphology; (4) reduced sperm quantity; (5) increased oxidative stress; (6) and reduced capacity to breed.
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Mikhailets (1996): Functional state of thyroid under extended exposure to fluorides
Abnormalities in the thyroid function characterized by a decreased iodine absorption function of the thyroid, a low level T3 syndrome, and a slight increase of the TSH level are observed in cases of chronic fluorine intoxication in the industrial workers.
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Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goitre
Variations in goitre prevalence were found to correlate closely with the fluoride content (p=0-74; P<0-01) and with the hardness (p=0.77; P<0-01) of the water in each village. The effects of fluoride and water hardness seem to be independent.
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Fluorine in the Aetiology of Endemic Goitre
The distribution of endemic goitre in the Punjab and in England is related to the geological distribution of fluorine and to the distribution of human dental fluorosis (mottled enamel). Inquiry showed the presence of dental fluorosis among school-children in two areas of Somerset where two previous observers had recorded a high incidence of goitre, and the absence of dental fluorosis in an adjoining area selected as control where endemic goitre was absent.
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