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Effects of fluoride toxicity on animals, plants, and soil health: a review.
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Fluoride
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Shahab S, Mustafa G, Khan I, Zahid M, Yasinzai M, Ameer N, Asghar N, Ullah I, Nadhman A, Ahmed A, Munir I, Mujahid A, Hussain T, Ahmad MN, Ahmad SS.
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50(4):393–408.
Abstract
Substantial multi-disciplinary efforts have been made to investigate the effects of environmental fluoride ion (F) pollution since the last century. The chronic ingestion of high doses of F may adversely affect human health by causing skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, bone fractures, the formation of kidney stones, decreased birth rates, weakening of thyroid functionality, and impair intelligence, particularly in children. High concentrations of F in soil may seriously threaten the life of plants, devastate soil microbial activity, disrupt the soil ecology, and cause soil and water pollution. In this review, we discuss the cont ribution of F to soil pollution and present certain remedies.