3.2. Baseline Dental Fluorosis

The proportion of severe dental fluorosis among all women included in this trial was 10.3%; and the proportion of women with moderate dental fluorosis was 29.5% (30.8% in the intervention and 28.2% in the control groups). Overall, more than half, 57.7% (64.1% in the intervention and 51.3% in the control groups) of the study women had very mild to severe dental fluorosis level. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of dental fluorosis categories between the treatment and control groups during the baseline assessment (p > 0.05) (Table 2). As dental fluorosis is assumed to be an irreversible process, the dental examination was not repeated after the end of the trial.

3.3. Urinary Fluoride, Calcium and Creatinine

At BL, the independent two samples t-test showed that the average urinary F (~10 mg/L) excretion by the women between the intervention and control groups was similar (t = 0.11 (DF = 76, 95% CI: ?1.31, 1.47)). After the calcium-containing ESP supplementation, there was more than 50% (Table 3) significant reduction in the urinary F excretion of women in the intervention group compared with their baseline measurements using paired samples t-test; (t = 5.7 (DF = 76, 95% CI: 4.77, 6.49)). At endline, women in the intervention group had about six-fold lower urinary F excretion ( = ?6.1 (95% CI: ?7.1, ?5.1)) compared to women in the control group (Table 3). Urinary CR excretion was used as a measure of the spot urine collection. As shown in Table 3, all four collections of CR showed similar average concentrations of CR. There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in CR concentration at BL (p = 0.785) and EL (p = 0.571). In addition, there was no significant difference in urinary Ca excretion among the groups prior (p = 0.945) and after (p = 0.247) the supplementation of calcium-containing ESP (Table 3).

3.4. Skeletal Fluorosis Using Physical Exercise Testing

At baseline, the overall proportion of physical signs of skeletal fluorosis among women in this trial was 41.3% (43.6% in treatment and 38.5% in the control group). The two groups were similar (p > 0.05) in all skeletal fluorosis exercise testing (Table 4). After the six months supplementation of calcium-containing ESP, the overall proportion of physical signs of skeletal fluorosis significantly decreased from 43.6 to 17.9% in the treatment group (p < 0.001), while the control group did not change. The risk of developing skeletal fluorosis tested using the ability to bend body and touch floor or toe (RR = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.69)), and stretch and fold arms to touch back of head (RR = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.77)) were significantly reduced in the intervention group by 79 and 82%, respectively, compared with the control (Table 4).

3.5. Pain and Muscular Symptoms of Non-Skeletal Fluorosis

At baseline, all pain and muscular symptoms of non-skeletal fluorosis were similar (p > 0.05) among the intervention and control group (Table 5). The majority of the women had lower back pain (71.8, 76.9 in the intervention group, and 66.7% in the control group) and tingling sensation in the hands and feet (70.5, 69.2 in the intervention group, and 71.8% in the control group). About two-third of them had also leg pain (64.1, 69.2 in the intervention group, and 59% in the control group) and muscle weakness (62.8, 64.1 in the intervention group, and 61.5% in the control group), which were not statistically different between the two groups (p > 0.05) (Table 5). A majority of the women in IG reported mitigation of pain and muscular symptoms of non-skeletal fluorosis ranging from lowest RR = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.52) to highest RR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.88) after the calcium-containing ESP supplementation than in CG (Table 5).