Abstract
Thirty-two one-month-old Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into four equal groups of eight (female:male = 3:1). To assess damage to DNA in their thyroid gland cells, the first group (1) of rats served as the untreated control, the second group (2) was administered a high concentraiton of fluoride (HiF, 100 mg NaF/L [45 mg F–/L] in their drinking water), the third group (3) was placed on a low iodine intake (LI, 0.0855 mg I/kg diet), and the fourth group (4) was exposed to the high fluoride and low iodine treatment combined (HiF+LI). At 20 months of age, the rats were sacrificed for experimental purpose and their thyroid gland cells were removed for single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE = comet assay). In comparison with DNA damage in the LI, HiF, and HiF+LI groups 2, 3, and 4, was 83.50 ± 10.20%, 83.03 ± 12.11%, and 89.32 ± 8.21%, respectively. Moreover, the proportion of gtrade III thyroid gland cell damage increased by 32.26% in group 2, 47.83% in group 3, and 69.23% in group 4, as compared to the control group 1. These findings indicate that excessive long-term intake of fluoride, with or without adequate I intake, is a significant risk factor for the development of thyroid dysfunction.
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Synergistic action of iodine-deficiency and fluorine-intoxication on rat thyroid.
212 Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups, each of which was fed on one of the following regimes: (1) Normal iodine and fluorine; (2) normal iodine, 10 ppm fluorine; (3) normal iodine, 30 ppm fluorine; (4) now iodine, normal fluorine; (5) low iodine, 10 ppm fluorine. The experiment
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Long-term effects of various iodine and fluorine doses on the thyroid and fluorosis in mice
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the participation of the independent and combined long term effect of various concentrations of iodine and fluorine on the pathogenesis of goiter and fluorosis in mice. METHODS: Nine drinking water supplies with different iodine and fluorine content were prepared by combination of potassium iodate and sodium fluoride solutions in bidistilled
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Effects of excess fluoride and iodide on thyroid function and morphology
Exposure to high levels of iodide in Cangzhou, Shandong Province, China has been associated with increased incidence of thyroid disease; however, whether fluoride can affect the thyroid remains controversial. To investigate the effects of excess fluoride, we evaluated thyroid gland structure and function in rats exposed to fluoride and iodide,
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Fluorosis and iodine deficiency disorders in India.
This review focuses on fluorosis and iodine deficiency disorders, two serious, highly prevalent metabolic disorders that are under-reported. These are caused by the two elements of the halogen family, fluorine and iodine. The former in excess and the latter in deficiency are the cause for concern. Excess fluoride (F–) consumption
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[A preliminary approach to the relationship of both endemic goiter and fluorosis in the valley of Manasi River, Xin-Jiang to environmental geochemistry].
According to the geographical features of the inland basins and the motion law by which a variety of chemical elements move along the rivers and deposit in the bottom of the basins in Xinjiang,the author made a series of investigations to find out the effects of the factors of environmental
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Fluoride Exposure Aggravates the Impact of Iodine Deficiency
A consistent body of animal and human research shows that fluoride exposure worsens the impact of an iodine deficiency. Iodine is the basic building block of the T3 and T4 hormones and thus an adequate iodine intake is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. When iodine intake is inadequate during infancy and
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The Relationship Between Fluoride Exposure & Goitre in South Africa
As a general rule simple goitre, irrespective of the cause, can be very, or fairly, satisfactorily combated by an adequate increase in man's daily iodine intake, except when the enlargement of the gland is due to the ingestion of excessive amounts of fluorine. The only correct solution to fluorine-induced endemic goitre is the removal of this element from the drinking water.
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Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goitre
Variations in goitre prevalence were found to correlate closely with the fluoride content (p=0-74; P<0-01) and with the hardness (p=0.77; P<0-01) of the water in each village. The effects of fluoride and water hardness seem to be independent.
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Fluorine in the Aetiology of Endemic Goitre
The distribution of endemic goitre in the Punjab and in England is related to the geological distribution of fluorine and to the distribution of human dental fluorosis (mottled enamel). Inquiry showed the presence of dental fluorosis among school-children in two areas of Somerset where two previous observers had recorded a high incidence of goitre, and the absence of dental fluorosis in an adjoining area selected as control where endemic goitre was absent.
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Nutrient Deficiencies Enhance Fluoride Toxicity
It has been known since the 1930s that poor nutrition enhances the toxicity of fluoride. As discussed below, nutrient deficiencies have been specifically linked to increased susceptibility to fluoride-induced tooth damage (dental fluorosis), bone damage (osteomalacia), neurotoxicity (reduced intelligence), and mutagenicity. The nutrients of primary importance appear to be calcium,
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