Abstract
Exposure to fluoride in drinking water was studied for evidence of detrimental effects on skeletal calcification and bone development in children. Three groups of children aged 7 through 14 years, living in Lubbock and Amarillo, Tex., and Cumberland, Md., were selected on the basis of continuous exposure to their communal drinking waters, which contained fluoride in the amounts of 3.5 to 4.5 p.p.m. F, 3.3 to 6.2 p.p.m. F, and 0.1 p.p.m. F, respectively. Radiographs were taken of the right hand and wrist of 2,050 children. From these X-rays, the skeletal age was assessed and a quantitative index of ossification was determined.
No evidence, available by radiographs was obtained which would indicate that there was any adverse effect on the carpal bones or on their growth and development as a consequence of the continuous use of drinking water containing approximately 3.5 to 6.2 p.p.m. F. These results confirm the safety of maintaining the fluoride level of public water supplies at about 1.00 p.p.m. F, by controlled fluoridation, for the reduction of tooth decay.
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Uniform partial dissolution of bone mineral by using fluoride and phosphate ions combination
Mineral content is one of the main predictors of the mechanical properties of bone tissue. The contribution of the bone mineral phase to the mechanical properties of bone has been investigated by reducing the mineral content of bone with different in vitro treatment techniques such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethylenedinitrilo
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The effect of in vitro fluoride ion treatment on the ultrasonic properties of cortical bone
The mechanical properties of composites are influenced, in part, by the volume fraction, orientation, constituent mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding. Cortical bone tissue represents a short-fibered biological composite where the hydroxyapatite phase is embedded in an organic matrix composed of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Destructive mechanical testing
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Increased ash contents and estimation of dissolution from chemical changes due to in-vitro fluoride treatments
The in-vitro fluoride treatment technique has been introduced to investigate the composite behavior of bone tissue. Bone tissue with different mechanical properties can be obtained by varying the concentration, pH and immersion time in fluoride ion solutions. The chemical and physical changes in intact pieces of bone treated in-vitro with
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Fluoride ion effect on interfacial bonding and mechanical properties of bone
The mechanical properties of composite material (such as bone) rely on the properties of its constituents as well as the interfacial bonding between them. Bone tissue is a porous mineralized matrix composite of inorganic bone mineral and organic constituents (collagen and non-collagenous proteins). The porosity of bone is due in
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Effect of slow-release sodium fluoride on cancellous bone histology and connectivity in osteoporosis
We have previously demonstrated that a treatment regimen of slow-release sodium fluoride (SRNaF) and continuous calcium citrate increases lumbar bone mass, improves cancellous bone material quality, and significantly reduces vertebral fracture rate in osteoporotic patients. In order to assess whether such treatment also improves trabecular structure, we quantitated cancellous bone
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Fluoride & Osteoarthritis
While the osteoarthritic effects that occurred from fluoride exposure were once considered to be limited to those with skeletal fluorosis, recent research shows that fluoride can cause osteoarthritis in the absence of traditionally defined fluorosis. Conventional methods used for detecting skeletal fluorosis, therefore, will fail to detect the full range of people suffering from fluoride-induced osteoarthritis.
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"Pre-Skeletal" Fluorosis
As demonstrated by the studies below, skeletal fluorosis may produce adverse symptoms, including arthritic pains, clinical osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone fragility, before the classic bone change of fluorosis (i.e., osteosclerosis in the spine and pelvis) is detectable by x-ray. Relying on x-rays, therefore, to diagnosis skeletal fluorosis will invariably fail to protect those individuals who are suffering from the pre-skeletal phase of the disease. Moreover, some individuals with clinical skeletal fluorosis will not develop an increase in bone density, let alone osteosclerosis, of the spine. Thus, relying on unusual increases in spinal bone density will under-detect the rate of skeletal fluoride poisoning in a population.
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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