Background
A novel sodium fluoride toothpaste containing lactate ion and polyvinylmethylether-maleic anhydride has been developed to promote enamel remineralisation and resistance to demineralisation. In this in situ study, we compared this toothpaste (‘Test’) with a stannous fluoride-zinc citrate (SnF2-Zn) toothpaste (‘Reference’) (both 1100–1150 ppm fluoride) and a fluoride-free toothpaste (‘Placebo’) using an enamel dental erosion-rehardening model.
Methods
In each phas
References
Abarikwu SO, Njoku R-C, Lawrence CJ, Charles IA, Ikewuchi JC (2017) Rutin ameliorates oxidative stress and preserves hepatic and renal functions following exposure to cadmium and ethanol. Pharm Biol 55:2161–2169
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Abu-El-Zahab HS, Hamza RZ, Montaser MM, El-Mahdi MM, Al-Harthi WA (2019) Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antigenotoxic, and hepatic ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and selenium on cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity
In contrast to chlorides and sulfates, fluorides are toxic to biota even at low concentrations (Stevens et al. 2000; Palmieri et al. 2014). Fluoride concentration was analyzed in the leachate, as it may be present in foundry waste. Organic binders are the main source of fluorides in foundry waste leachate (http://life-foundrysand.com). The fluoride concentration was low in all tested leachate. Plant resistance to fluoride depends on the plant species. Stevens et al. (1998) report the toxic for p
References
Agalakova NI, Gusev GP (2012) Molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by inorganic fluoride. ISRN Cell Biol:403835
Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM (2015) Fluoride and aluminum disturb neuronal morphology, transport functions, cholinesterase, lysosomal and cell cycle activities. Pathophysiology 22(2):105–115
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Alt?nta? A, Fidanc? UR, Sel T, Duru Ö, Ba?satan A (2000) Do?al ve endüstriyel floro
The example of sodium fluoride (NaF) clearly demonstrates an instance where increasing bone mass while altering maturation can negatively affect drug efficacy. NaF was a promising osteoporosis treatment because it increased BMD.5 However, it became evident that the treated patients were at increased risk of fracture,6, 7 which was later attributed to NaF-induced aberrant mineralization.8 Had there been a preclinical model to assess the effect of NaF on maturation, it is likely that these f
First Page of Study
Since the investigation of Black an,d McKay in 1916 into the problem of mottled enamel, and the definite association of this anomaly with the fluorine content of drinking waters by Churchill (1931, 1932), the matter of fluorine intoxication has been studied in detail by different workers in various parts of the World. It has been shown that this mottling of the enamel occurs only if the fluorine content of the water is above 2 to 3 mg. per litre (Smith and Smith, 1932) or, a
Letter
Since it has been established that the dental disease in man known as "mottled enamel" is due to the drinking of water containing fluorine, the removal of fluorides by filtration has become an important problem.
I have found that a contact filter 15 cm high, made of river sand passing a screen 60 to the inch, to which has been added 2 per cent. by weight of powdered aluminium, will remove the fluoride from a solution containing 30 parts per million of sodium fluoride. The absence of f
FIRST PAGE OF PAPER
All animal tissues and plants contain fluorine in very small amounts. It is found in soils, rocks and water.
No convincing evidence has been as yet produced to show that it performs any useful function in animal nutrition, or that it is essential for animal metabolism. During the past 15 years, however, evidence has been accumulated to show that the prolonged ingestion of abnormal quantities produces a chronic toxic state, the earliest visible sign of which is called 'mot
RECENTLY, the writer was consulted about treatment of acute fluoride poisoning, in view of the increasing use of fluorine and fluorine containing compounds in industries. In outlining the treatment recommended, a point which was stressed was that, aside from death due to the corrosive action of the poison, death may result very rapidly from reduction of the calcium content of the blood.
A number of textbooks on toxicology in the English language do not mention fluoride poisoning.1,2, 3, 4 A r
To the Editor:
You have, no doubt, read of the recent deaths in San Francisco of some persons from accidental poisoning by sodium fluoride.
These cases are more remarkable in that there is so little in our medical literature relating to their occurrence. Herzog Medical Jurisprudence mentions cases in not recent accidental and suicidal poisonings in New York and Chicago. We have, in my experience in the San Francisco coroner's office, had two deaths, suicidal, one by ant paste, a white pers
EXCERPTS:
General Summary.
1. On account of the corrosive action of these substances on glass vessels their use in ordinary therapeutics seems beset by many difficulties. But by attending to a few precautions these obstacles can be so minimized as to be practically overcome.
2. The topical action of strong hydrofluoric acid differs from that of the other concentrated mineral acids in being attended by more acute pain. If allowed to remain in contact with the skin for a considerable time,
This full article is available in French. The following is a Google translation:
Summary
The oral cavity is one of the major routes of environmental contamination known to be involved in many chronic pathologies (cancers, fertility and behavioral disorders) viafood, medication or even breathing. These environmental factors including, inter alia, endocrine disruptors and excess fluorine, can disturb dental development and thus generate irreversible defects in the enamel. These defects ar
References
1. Marinho V C C, Worthington H V, Walsh T, Clarkson J E. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002279.pub2.
2. Health and Social Care Information Centre. Children's Dental Health Survey: Executive Summary. 2015. Available at https://files.digital.nhs.uk/publicationimport/pub17xxx/pub17137/cdhs2013-executive-summary.pdf (accessed September 2019).
3. Public Health England. Oral health
Front Page of Article
IN the summer of 1938 one of us (F. B.) was called in by veterinary practitioners to advise on the possible causation of a "mysterious lameness of cattle" near Stewartby, in Bedfordshire. Clinical examination and proximity to a large concentration of brick kilns suggested " industrial fluorosis" of the type described early in the century by Bartolucci (1912), in association with a superphosphate factory in Italy, and this diagnosis was quickly confirmed by pathological and
Download : Download high-res image (287KB)
Download : Download full-size image
Notes
1.There are current proposals to introduce water fluoridation in a number of areas in England including Southampton, Bristol, parts of Yorkshire and the North West. In Southampton, 72% of those consulted opposed the scheme but the SCSHA still voted to go ahead with the scheme on the basis that they felt health benefits outweighed all other considerations. Recent proposals by the new coalition government about substantial NHS reorganisation and the abolition of SHAs and local PCTs and
Excerpts
In an attempt to find the reason why the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in brain is less in poliomyelitis, experiments were performed using sodium fluoride as an inhibitor (Table II). The percentage inhibition resulting from fluoride was consistently higher in the normal than in the infected brain, particularly with lower concentrations of fluoride. The residual glycolysis in poliomyelitic brain treated with fluoride was equal to the glycolysis in normal brain with fluoride in every ex
Extract
Like the skin and its appendages, the teeth, nails and hair, so also other tissues of ectodermal origin are here shown to be affected by fluorine. The action of fluorine consists in lowering the level of the calcium in the blood and tissues. The epithelia of the mouth and the salivary glands, of the nasopharynx, the conjunctivae and the lachrymal glands may be affected. Signs and symptoms are thus produced which are closely similar to those usually attributed primarily to infection. It
Correspondence
FLUORINE AND FLUOROSIS
Sir,
With regard to your remark 'This has led to the suggestion that non-toxic amounts of sodium fluoride. may be added to drinking water for the prevention of dental decay' in the editorial of June number 1944, I wish to draw your attention to the fact that the use of fluorine in dental treatment is in vogue already. A good account was published by Prof. E. H. Lukmsky, Director, Stomatological Clinic, First Moscow State Medical Institute (fluorine cu
Therapeutics and Pharmacy.
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
The therapeutic uses of the fluorides have received comparatively little attention, notwithstanding the fact that it is now generally recognised that a certain amount of fluorine in the form of calcium fluoride is a necessity for the proper strengthening and consistence of the bones and for the normal hardness and good condition of the teeth. According to the Pharmaceutical Journal, however, at least two observers have successfully employed calcium f
Excerpt
BY A. W. MAYO ROBSON, F.R.C.S.,
Honorary Surgeon, Leeds General Infirmary; and Lecturer on Practical Surgery
at the Yorkshire College.
A PERFECT antiseptic for surgical purposes has yet to be found. It must be at the same time a strong germicide, non-poisonous, unirritating to the skin or to the tissues, inodorous, non-volatile, not destroyed by oxidation, non-corrosive to steel instruments, non-injurious to sponges, and inexpensive. In " salufer " (silicofluoride of sodium) we hav
FOR some 8 or 9 years past the presence of fluorine in water supplies has been attracting much attention, chiefly as a danger and as the cause of endemic dental fluorosis, or mottled enamel, which has been reported in some 300 communities in 23 states of the Union.
According to Dean,1 this condition was first described by J. M. Eager 2 in a report from Naples under the name " Denti di Chiaie (Chiaie teeth)," so called from Dr. Stephano Chiaie, who first observed the condition in Italy, where
About the month of April 1936 the district health officer, Nellore, Dr. Lakshminarayana, had his attention drawn by the health inspectors of Podili and Darsi ranges of the Nellore district to a disease characterized by a definite train of symptoms and which was very prevalent in the district. The most obvious symptoms of this disease were stiffness and pain in the spinal region and in various joints. Cattle were stated to be similarly affected. In August 1936, the district health offic
Excerpt
THE endemic hypoplasia of the permanent teeth known in this country as mottled enamel was first reported by Eager in 1901. The first investigation in the United States was the extensive one of Black,2 and McKay,3 published in 1916. At present in this country alone there are more than 200 areas where endemic mottled enamel has been confirmed by survey; in addition there are approximately 100 areas where the endemicity has been reported but not confirmed by survey. These approximate 300 a
The following is the National Academy of Sciences' review of the draft NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects
Excerpts
HUMAN EVIDENCE
NTP based its conclusion in the monograph primarily on human evidence. NTP considered the human evidence to be “relatively robust” and evaluated the association of fluoride exposure and neurodevelopmental and cognitive effects as reported in 82 publications. Although it evalu
Excerpt
It has been generally accepted that a concentration of 1 per cent sodium fluoride is adequate to prevent glycolysis in nonprecipitated blood and that no appreciable glycolysis results if the blood proteins are precipitated within 5 minutes after the blood is drawn (1). Determinations of lactic acid in the blood precipitated within 5 minutes or preserved in 1 per cent sodium fluoride have yielded a range of 8 to 20 mg. per cent for normal subjects under basal conditions.
We have had o
Excerpt
The first account of mottled enamel in human beings was given in 1902 by Eager of the United States Public Health Service who noticed its frequency among Italian emigrants from Naples. Black and McKay (1916) found it occurring in various parts of the U.S.A. and described it more fully in 1916. Since then, cases have been reported from every continent, but although popular belief associated the condition with drinking water, it was not till 1932 that fluorine contained in it was establis
References
Aasenden, R, Peebles, TC. 1978. Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on dental caries and fluorosis in teenaged children. Arch Oral Biol. 23(2):111–115.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Agresti, A. 2012. Categorical data analysis. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Google Scholar
Anthonappa, RP, King, NM. 2015. Enamel defects in the permanent dentition: prevalence and etiology. In: Drummond, BK, Kilpatrik, Ns editors. Planning and c
References
Dehghani MH, Haghighat GA, Yousefi M (2018) Data on fluoride concentration in drinking water resources in Iran: a case study of Fars province; Larestan region. Data in Brief 19:842–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.112
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dhurvey V, Thakare M (2016) The effect of sodium fluoride intoxication on the estrous cycle and ovarian hormones in rats. Fluoride 49:223–232
CAS
Google Scholar
Note from the Fluoride Action Network:
It’s worth noting that this review paper did not include these important Mother-Offspring studies: Bashash-2017, Valdez-Jimenez-2017, Green-2019. Nor did it include the ADHD study by Bashash-2018.
Perhaps it was too late for the authors to have included the Green IQ study published in August 2019, the Riddell -October 2019 study on ADHD, and the IQ study by Till in November 2019.
It did include one Mother-Offspring study listed by FAN (Li-2008)
How too much fluoride derails dentition
Excessive fluoride ingestion during childhood results in defective tooth enamel mineralization, which can lead to dental problems later in life. Aulestia et al. investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying fluorosis in enamel-forming cells isolated from rats and in an enamel cell line. Exposure of enamel cells to fluoride resulted in decreases in ER Ca2+ content and store-operated Ca2+ entry into the ER, reduced the expression of genes encoding ER s
References
Mirabello L, Troisi RJ, Savage SA (2009) Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer 115(7):1531–1543. doi:10.1002/cncr.24121
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tucker MA, D’Angio GJ, Boice JD Jr, Strong LC, Li FP, Stovall M, Stone BJ, Green DM, Lombardi F, Newton W, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr (1987) Bone sarcomas linked to radiotherapy and chemo
References
Abdelqader A, Al-Fataftah AR, Da? G (2013) Effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis and inulin supplementation on performance, eggshell quality, intestinal morphology and microflora composition of laying hens in the late phase of production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 179(1-4):103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.003
Apas AL, Arena ME, Colombo S, Gonzalez SN (2015) Probiotic administration modifies the milk fatty acid profile, intestinal morphology, and intestinal
Excerpt
In the examined group, the average number of teeth with fluorosis was 7.59; 9.93 for girls and 5.08 for boys. Comparing the tests results, it was concluded that there were more teeth with fluorosis in the population of girls (median: 7; interquartile range: 4–16) than in the population of boys (median: 4; interquartile range: 2–6), which was statistically significant (p=0.038) (Tab. 6).
References
Niu R, Chen H, Manthari RK, Sun Z, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J (2018) Effects of fluoride on synapse morphology and myelin damage in mouse hippocampus. Chemosphere 194:628–633
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Li J, Shi Y, Fan H, Li Y, Zhu Y, Lin X, Zhang J (2018) Effects of fluoride on surface structure of primary culture Leydig cells in mouse. Biol Trace Elem Res 183(1):123–127
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Zhao
References
Sun ZL, Xue XC, Zhang YL, Niu RY, Wang JD (2017) Effect of sodium fluoride on the sperm mitochondrial DNA in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 492(3):295–299
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Niu RY, Wang JM, Sun ZL, Xue XC, Yan XY, Wang JM, Zhang JH, Wang JD (2015) Transcriptional regulatory dynamics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in male mice exposed to fluoride. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 40(2):557–562
CAS
Article
References
Agalakova NI, Gusev GP (2013) Excessive fluoride consumption leads to accelerated death of erythrocytes and anemia in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 153:340–349
Ameeramja J, Perumal E (2018) Possible modulatory effect of tamarind seed coat extract o fluoride-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Inflammation 41:886–895
Ameeramja J, Panneerselvam L, Govindarajan V, Jeyachandran S, Baskaralingam V, Perumal E (2016) Tamarind seed coat ameliorates fluoride induc
References
Bashash M, Thomas D, Hu H, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, Basu N, et al. Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Sep;125(9):097017.
Bashash M, Marchand M, Hu H, Till C, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, et al. Prenatal fluoride exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12years of age in Mexico City. Environ Int. 2018 Dec;121(Pt 1):658-
