Abstract
Chronic fluoride intoxication in the form of dental and skeletal fluorosis was surveyed in five villages of the Palamau district, Jharkhand, India. Out of 238 sources of drinking water, mainly from groundwater, the majority had elevated fluoride concentrations capable of causing health risk to the community. In one water source a concentration of 12 mg F/L was observed. Dietary intake of fluoride through food, however, was much less significant compared with drinking water. Among the children, 83% were diagnosed with dental fluorosis, and 47% of adults were afflicted with various stages of skeletal fluorosis. A level of 2.5 mg F/L was found to be a critical threshold for manifestations of crippling skeletal fluorosis. Household defluoridation along with improved nutrition rich in calcium is recommended for amelioration of fluorosis in these villages.
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Experimental fluorosis in rats: NaF induced changes of bone and bone marrow
The results of our experiments suggest that increased doses of NaF cause more extensive osteosclerosis due to the decrease in number and/or activity of osteoclasts. Therefore oateosclerosis is caused primarily, not by increased bone formation but, by the inhibition of bone resorption. This view is supported by the fact that
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status of adult males with skeletal fluorosis in Andhra Pradesh, India.
Blood samples from 24 adult males, age 25 to 40, with endemic skeletal fluorosis, living in the Vaillapally village of the Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India, were examined and compared with samples from 15 matched controls for their antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. Elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels indicated an
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The relationship between Alu I polymorphisms in the calcitonin receptor gene and fluorosis endemic to Chongqing, China
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the association between an Alu I polymorphism at position 1,377 of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) gene and endemic fluorosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A case-control study of 321 participants was conducted in regions with high fluorosis rates (Wushan and Fengjie counties) and those without high fluorosis rates (Yubei
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Diagnostic criteria for endemic osteofluorosis (WS 192-1999)
According to the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine: National Standards Committee Proclamation (2005, No. 146), GB 16396-1996 “Clinical Diagnosis and Classification of Endemic Osteofluorosis” shall be repealed as of the date of implementation of these Criteria. These Criteria combine GB 16396-1996 “Clinical Diagnosis and Classification of Endemic Osteofluorosis”
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[Two cases of skeletal fluorosis in the hand].
Skeletal fluorosis is well known, particularly in the spine, pelvis and forearm. However, the hand may also be involved. The authors report two cases of this site in endemic areas in Senegal, after ingestion of large amounts of fluoride in the water. Fluorosis consisted of deforming metacarpal and phalangeal osteoperiotitis in one case
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"Pre-Skeletal" Fluorosis
As demonstrated by the studies below, skeletal fluorosis may produce adverse symptoms, including arthritic pains, clinical osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone fragility, before the classic bone change of fluorosis (i.e., osteosclerosis in the spine and pelvis) is detectable by x-ray. Relying on x-rays, therefore, to diagnosis skeletal fluorosis will invariably fail to protect those individuals who are suffering from the pre-skeletal phase of the disease. Moreover, some individuals with clinical skeletal fluorosis will not develop an increase in bone density, let alone osteosclerosis, of the spine. Thus, relying on unusual increases in spinal bone density will under-detect the rate of skeletal fluoride poisoning in a population.
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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Fluoride & Osteoarthritis
While the osteoarthritic effects that occurred from fluoride exposure were once considered to be limited to those with skeletal fluorosis, recent research shows that fluoride can cause osteoarthritis in the absence of traditionally defined fluorosis. Conventional methods used for detecting skeletal fluorosis, therefore, will fail to detect the full range of people suffering from fluoride-induced osteoarthritis.
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Kidney Patients Are at Increased Risk of Fluoride Poisoning
It is well established that individuals with kidney disease are susceptible to suffering bone damage and other ill effects from low levels of fluoride exposure. Kidney patients are at elevated risk because when kidneys are damaged they are unable to efficiently excrete fluoride from the body. As a result, kidney patients
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Symposium on the non-skeletal phase of chronic fluorosis: The Joints
Of 300 patients with endemic skeletal fluorosis 187 (110 children and 77 adults) showed evidence of arthritis. The spine, especially its cervical portion, appeared to be mainly involved; elbow, hip and knee joints followed next in order.
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