Fluoride Action Network

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Abstract

The study was designed to determine the fluoride distribution after its oral exposure in drinking water and its associated impact on biochemical, antioxidant markers and histology in the liver, kidney, and heart of male Wistar rats. On 100 ppm exposure, the highest accretion of fluoride occurred in the liver followed by the kidney and heart. Fluoride exposure significantly (p?0.05) increased the plasma levels of dehydrogenase, aminotransferases, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and other plasma renal biomarkers but decreased the levels of total plasma proteins and albumin in a dose-dependent manner. Reduction (p?0.05) in the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. acetylcholinesterase, arylesterase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reductase with increased levels of protein and lipid peroxidation was recorded in the liver, kidney, and heart of fluoride-administered rats. Fluoride exposure (100 ppm) induced lipid peroxidation was highest in kidney (4.4 times) followed by liver (2.6 times) and heart (2.5 times) and as compared to their respective control. The percent rise in protein oxidation at 30% was almost equal in the kidney and liver but was 21.5% in the heart as compared to control. The histopathological alterations observed included congestion and hemorrhage along with degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells in hepato-renal tissues and myocardium, severity of which varied in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, fluoride distribution in the liver, heart, and kidney after chronic fluoride intake correlated well with fluoride-induced hepatic and cardio-renal toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. These results draw attention that chronic fluoride intake pose a significant health risk for human and animal residents of fluoride endemic areas.

*Original abstract online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12011-022-03113-w

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura, Jammu, for providing necessary facilities for conducting the research.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura, 181102, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Priyanka Sharma, Pawan Kumar Verma & Deepika Verma

  2. Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura, 181102, India

    Shilpa Sood

  3. Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, R S Pura, 181102, India

    Maninder Singh

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Dr Priyanka Sharma and Dr Pawan Kumar Verma contributed to the conception, design, and execution of the research work to generate the basic data. Dr Shilpa Sood carried out histopathological work and final editing of the manuscript. Dr Maninder Singh and Ms Deepika contributed to the statistical analysis of data.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pawan Kumar Verma.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The experimental protocol was duly approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) vide letter no. 09/IAEC/2020 dated 22/10/2020.

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