Abstract
This study examined the relationship between transient peak plasma fluoride levels (subcutaneous injections) as well as lower but relatively constant levels (subcutaneous constant infusion) and the occurrence of disturbances in the enamel mineralization of the rat incisor as determined microradiographically. The fluoride doses were administered for 1 week, and the animals were killed 2 weeks later. Once daily peak plasma fluoride levels of 10 µM were uniformly associated with disturbances in the mineralization of the enamel, but once daily peak levels of 5 µM were not. Neither were twice daily 5-µM peaks. Relatively constant plasma fluoride levels, which averaged 3.3 µM, were associated with an increased incidence of changes in enamel formation and levels of 4.7 µM consistently associated with disturbances in enamel mineralization. These findings suggest that (1) the rat is a better model for the study of human enamel fluorosis than previously believed, and (2) slightly elevated but relatively constant plasma fluoride levels are more likely to be associated with the occurrence of fluorotic disturbances in the mineralization of enamel than are the more rare high and transient peak levels.
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The effect of fluoride on the immature enamel matrix protein of the rat.
Fluoride in drinking water decreased the total quantity of enamel matrix protein formed in rat incisors and altered the relative proportions of individual amino acids of the matrix.
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ENAM Gene Variation in Students Exposed to Different Fluoride Concentrations.
The ENAM gene is important in the formation of tooth enamel; an alteration can affect the lengthening of the crystals, and the thickness in enamel. The objective was to determine the presence of the single nucleotide variant (SNV) rs12640848 of the ENAM gene in students exposed to different concentrations of
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Developmental and post-eruptive defects in molar enamel of free-ranging Eastern Grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) exposed to high environmental levels of fluoride
Dental fluorosis has recently been diagnosed in wild marsupials inhabiting a high-fluoride area in Victoria, Australia. Information on the histopathology of fluorotic marsupial enamel has thus far not been available. This study analyzed the developmental and post-eruptive defects in fluorotic molar enamel of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from the
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Mechanism of toxic action of fluoride in dental fluorosis: whether trimeric G proteins participate in the disturbance of intracellular transport of secretory ameloblast exposed to fluoride.
In enamel fluorosis model rats treated with sodium fluoride, secretory ameloblasts of incisor tooth germs exhibited disruption of intracellular trafficking. We examined whether heterotrimeric G proteins participated in the disruption of vesicular trafficking of the secretory ameloblast exposed to fluoride, using immunoblotting and pertussis toxin (IAP)-induced adenosyl diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation for
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Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology.
This review aims at discussing the pathogenesis of enamel fluorosis in relation to a putative linkage among ameloblastic activities, secreted enamel matrix proteins and multiple proteases, growing enamel crystals, and fluid composition, including calcium and fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most important caries-preventive agent in dentistry. In the last two
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Mechanisms by Which Fluoride Causes Dental Fluorosis Remain Unknown
When it comes to how fluoride impacts human health, no tissue in the body has been studied more than the teeth. Yet, despite over 50 years of research, the mechanism by which fluoride causes dental fluorosis (a hypo-mineralization of the enamel that results in significant staining of the teeth) is not
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Dental Fluorosis Is a "Hypo-mineralization" of Enamel
Teeth with fluorosis have an increase in porosity in the subsurface enamel ("hypomineralization"). The increased porosity of enamel found in fluorosis is a result of a fluoride-induced impairment in the clearance of proteins (amelogenins) from the developing teeth. Despite over 50 years of research, the exact mechanism by which fluoride impairs amelogin
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Dental Fluorosis in the U.S. 1950-2004
Before the widespread use of fluoride in dentistry, dental fluorosis was rarely found in western countries. Today, with virtually every toothpaste now containing fluoride, and most U.S. water supplies containing fluoride chemicals, dental fluorosis rates have reached unprecedented levels. In the 1950s, it was estimated that only 10% of children in
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Dental Fluorosis Impacts Dentin in Addition to Enamel
Dental fluorosis is a mineralization defect of tooth enamel marked by increased subsurface porosity. The enamel, however, is not the only component of teeth that is effected. As several studies have demonstrated, dental fluorosis can also impair the mineralization of dentin as well. As noted in one review: "The fact that
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Diagnostic Criteria for Dental Fluorosis: The TSIF ("Total Surface Index of Fluorosis")
The traditional criteria (the "Dean Index") for diagnosing dental fluorosis was developed in the first half of the 20th century by H. Trendley Dean. While the Dean Index is still widely used in surveys of fluorosis -- including the CDC's national surveys of fluorosis in the United States -- dental
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