Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Mexican adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 1,024 adolescents 12 and 15-years-old residing in three naturally fluoridated locales at high altitudes above sea level (> 2,000 m or > 6,560 ft) in Tula de Allende, Hidalgo, Mexico. Participants had lived in those communities from birth to their sixth birthday. Both the Modified Dean Index and the Community Fluorosis Index were calculated.
RESULTS: The overall fluorosis prevalence was 83.8 percent. Fluorosis prevalence in El Llano (3.07 ppmF), San Marcos (1.38 ppmF), and Tula Centro (1.42 ppmF) was 94.7, 89.8, and 81.9 percent, respectively. Overall, the Community Fluorosis Index was 1.85. We observed a high prevalence of dental fluorosis–mostly very mild (35.9 percent), but also uncommonly severe (20.6 percent).
CONCLUSIONS: At least 8 out of 10 adolescents had some level of fluorosis, and such prevalence is considered to be a dental public health problem. A relationship between fluoride concentration in water in each community and fluorosis was observed. The high fluorosis prevalence and severity might possibly be associated with the high altitude of the communities.
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The Impact of Stopping or Reducing the Level of Fluoride in Public Water Supplies on Dental Fluorosis: A Systematic Review.
Objective The increased availability of fluoride and concern over the impact of fluorosis, have led to guidance suggesting a decrease or cease in the optimal concentration of fluoride in water fluoridation schemes. To date there have been no systematic reviews looking at both impact of fluoride reduction and total cessation. This
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Dental fluorosis as a complication of hereditary diabetes insipidus: studies of six affected patients.
Hereditary diabetes insipidus is a rare endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin. The disease is characterized by polyuria, extreme thirst, and polydipsia. In this study of six affected members from two families with hereditary diabetes insipidus, it was found that two children who drank water
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Systematic review of water fluoridation.
Objective: To review the safety and efficacy of fluoridation of drinking water. Design: Search of 25 electronic databases and world wide web. Relevant journals hand searched; further information requested from authors. Inclusion criteria were a predefined hierarchy of evidence and objectives. Study validity was assessed with checklists. Two reviewers independently screened
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Fluoride Alters Klk4 Expression in Maturation Ameloblasts through Androgen and Progesterone Receptor Signaling.
Fluorosed maturation stage enamel is hypomineralized in part due to a delay in the removal of matrix proteins to inhibit final crystal growth. The delay in protein removal is likely related to reduced expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), resulting in a reduced matrix proteinase activity that found in fluorosed
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The relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with moderate- and high-fluoride drinking water in Ethiopia
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between caries and dental fluorosis in Ethiopian children living in Rift Valley areas known for endemic fluorosis. METHOD: A total of 306 children (12-15 years old), selected from areas with moderate (0.3-2.2 mg/l), or high (10-14 mg/l)fluoride concentration in the
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Racial Disparities in Dental Fluorosis
In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control published the results of a national survey of dental fluorosis conducted between 1999 and 2002. According to the CDC, black children in the United States have significantly higher rates of dental fluorosis than either white or Hispanic children. This was not the first time that black children were found to suffer higher rates of dental fluorosis. At least five other studies -- dating as far back as the 1960s -- have found black children in the United States are disproportionately impacted by dental fluorosis.
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Mechanisms by Which Fluoride Causes Dental Fluorosis Remain Unknown
When it comes to how fluoride impacts human health, no tissue in the body has been studied more than the teeth. Yet, despite over 50 years of research, the mechanism by which fluoride causes dental fluorosis (a hypo-mineralization of the enamel that results in significant staining of the teeth) is not
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Dental Fluorosis Impacts Dentin in Addition to Enamel
Dental fluorosis is a mineralization defect of tooth enamel marked by increased subsurface porosity. The enamel, however, is not the only component of teeth that is effected. As several studies have demonstrated, dental fluorosis can also impair the mineralization of dentin as well. As noted in one review: "The fact that
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Dental Fluorosis: The "Cosmetic" Factor
Any condition that can cause children to be embarrassed about their physical appearance can have significant consequences on their self-esteem and confidence. Researchers have repeatedly found that "physical appearance [is] the best predictor of self-esteem" in adolescents, (Harter 2000) and that facial attractiveness, particularly the appearance of one's teeth, is a
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Moderate/Severe Dental Fluorosis
In its "moderate" and severe forms, fluoride causes a marked increase in the porosity of the enamel. After eruption into mouth, the porous enamel of moderate to severe fluorosis readily takes up stain, creating permanent brown and black discolorations of the teeth. In addition to extensive staining, teeth with moderate to severe fluorosis are more prone to attrition and wear - leading to pitting, chipping, and decay.
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