Fluoride Action Network

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Abstract

 

In India, Rajasthan is the largest state and has seven divisions, namely Ajmer, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Udaipur. Villagers of these regions, generally, used groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. The basic sources of groundwater in rural areas are hand pumps, step wells and borewells. Water of most of these sources is contaminated with fluoride (F) with varying amounts. Water of?>?60% these sources has F beyond the recommended country standard (1.0 or 1.5 ppm) especially in tribal rural areas of Rajasthan. The highest F range, 0.1–34.0 ppm, has been found in groundwater of these sources in the villages of Ajmer division and the lowest 0.1–6.8 ppm in the Kota. Drinking of fluoridated groundwater for a long time is not safe for health and causes serious fluorosis disease in humans and domestic animals. In Rajasthan, around 40 lakh people are affected with fluorosis which is the highest in the country. At the F range of 1.3–6.7 ppm, the maximum prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis in villagers and bovine animals was found 84.0% and 32.7% and 88.9% and 37.8%, respectively. Using fluoridated groundwater in irrigation is also harmful and reduces crops productivity. In this communication, division-wise F distribution in groundwater of rural Rajasthan, F-induced diverse adverse health consequences in villagers and their domesticated animals and agriculture crops and preventive measures for control of F intoxication are critically reviewed. Findings of this review are useful in implementation of health policy for the mitigation of F poisoning in rural Rajasthan.

Availability of data and material

All datasets generated for this study are included in the submitted article.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Advanced Science and Technology, National Institute of Medical Science and Research, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India

    Shanti Lal Choubisa

  2. Department Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Geetanjali Dental and Research Institute, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313002, India

    Drashana Choubisa

  3. Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313002, India

    Anurag Choubisa

  4. Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India

    Shanti Lal Choubisa

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The first author SLC drafted and edited the manuscript; the second author DC collected relevant references along with abstracts and arranged the cited references in the list of references as per style of journal; and the third author AC prepared tables, arranged the figures and written their concise caption. All authors have read, reviewed and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Shanti Lal Choubisa.

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Choubisa, S.L., Choubisa, D. & Choubisa, A. Fluoride contamination of groundwater and its threat to health of villagers and their domestic animals and agriculture crops in rural Rajasthan, India. Environ Geochem Health (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01267-z

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  • DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01267-z

Keywords

  • Fluoride contamination
  • Groundwater
  • Fluorosis
  • Villagers
  • Domestic animals
  • Agriculture crops
  • Rural Rajasthan (India)