Abstract
To investigate the effects of fluoride on the expression levels of cytokines in the rat hippocampus, 60 adult Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of 15 rats each, whose drinking water contained: (1) double distilled water (the control group); (2) 25 mg sodium fluoride (NaF)/L, (11.3 mg F/L); (3) 50 mg NaF/L, (22.6 mg F/L); and (4) 100 mg NaF/L, (45.2 mg F/L). After five months treatment, the expression levels of the cytokines TGF-B1, IL-4, IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-B gene were determined by real-time PCR, and the TGF-B1 protein levels were detected by ELISA. A significant decrease of TGF-B1 was found, in both the gene and protein levels, while no significant change occurred in the levels of IL-4, IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a gene. Fluoride may damage the hippocampus by significantly decreasing the expression of TGF-B1 gene and protein, possibly by an unknown post-transcriptional mechanism. The study provides a new perspective for evaluating the neurotoxicity of fluoride.
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[Effect of chronic fluorine poisoning on the expression of nNOS protein in Hippocampus of rats].
Objective To investigate the mechanism of chronic fluorine poisoning on hippocampus of rats. Methods The changes of positive nNOS expression in control group given drinking tap water,100 mg/L(low fluorine group),200 mg/L(high fluorine group),were observed by ABC immunohistochemisty. Results The expression of nNOS in the region of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG)
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Excessive ER stress and the resulting autophagic flux dysfunction contribute to fluoride-induced neurotoxicity.
Highlights Excessive ER stress plays an important role in NaF-induced neurotoxicity. NaF-induced neuronal death is caused by ER stress-elicited apoptosis and the impaired autophagic flux. Impaired autophagic flux was mediated by excessive ER stress in NaF-induced neurotoxicity. Fluoride is capable of inducing neurotoxicity, but its mechanisms remain elusive. This study
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Effects of fluoride and lead on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 expression in the hippocampus of offspring rat pups
To investigate whether excitotoxicity is involved in neurotoxicity of fluoride (F) alone and in combination with lead (Pb), the expression levels of the gene and protein N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) in the hippocampus of offspring rat pups at postnatal days 14 and 28 exposed to F and/or Pb were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase
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Effect of fluoride exposure on anxiety- and depression-like behavior in mouse.
Highlights Anxiety-like behavior was significantly altered in the mice exposed to NaF for 120 days. Depression-like behavior was significantly altered in the 120 days NaF treated mice. NaF significantly altered mRNA expression levels of anxiety- and depression-like related genes in the hippocampus. Fluoride led to an imbalance between excitation and
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[Effects of fluoride on SNAP-25 gene expression in rat hippocampus].
After the establishment of fluorosis animal model, the gene expression of SNAP-25 was detected in order to provide experimental data for nervous system injury induced by fluoride. The results showed that, compared with the de-ionized water group, SNAP-25 mRNA expression was significantly reduced by fluoride.
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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Fluoride & IQ: 76 Studies
Note: See the Updated list of fluoride IQ studies at https://fluoridealert.org/researchers/fluoride-iq-studies/the-fluoride-iq-studies/ • As of July 18, 2022, a total of 85 human studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. • Of these investigations, 76 studies have reported that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans. • The studies
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are 78 studies reporting reduced IQ (75 studies with children and 3 studies with adults) and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link
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