Abstract
AIM: Volatile anesthetics are widely used in the clinic, and sevoflurane is the most prevalent volatile anesthetic in pediatric anesthesia. Recent findings question the potential risks of volatile anesthetics on brain development. Evidence suggests that sevoflurane may cause neuronal deficiency. This study investigates the long-term effect of sevoflurane in the developing brain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We anesthetized 7 day-old rats for 4 h with 2.5% sevoflurane. A Morris water maze was used to evaluate hippocampal function 7 weeks after sevoflurane exposure. Nissl staining was performed to analyze neuronal loss. PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein-95) expression in the hippocampus was measured using a western blot.
RESULTS: The exposure to 2.5% sevoflurane caused long-term deficits in hippocampal function and decreased hippocampal PSD-95 expression without neuronal loss. This study demonstrates that P7 rats exposed for 4 h to 2.5% sevoflurane have significant spatial learning and memory impairment 7 weeks after anesthesia. In addition, PSD-95 expression in the hippocampus decreased at P56 without neuronal loss.
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sevoflurane causes neurotoxicity in the developing brain, which may be attributed to decreased PSD-95 in the hippocampus.
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Cognitive Decline of Rats with Chronic Fluorosis Is Associated with Alterations in Hippocampal Calpain Signaling.
The study was designed to evaluate an influence of excessive fluoride (F-) intake on cognitive capacities of adult rats and on proteins of memory-related calpain signaling in hippocampus. Control animals were given water with natural F- content of 0.4 ppm; rats from other groups consumed the same water supplemented with 5,
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Effects of perinatal fluoride exposure on the expressions of miR-124 and miR-132 in hippocampus of mouse pups.
Highlights Maternal fluoride exposure enhanced the expressions of miR-124 and miR-132 in hippocampus of mouse offspring. Fluoride-induced decrease in CREB in mouse hippocampus could result from up-regulation of miR-124. In the feedback loop, fluoride decreased MeCP2 and increased miR-132 in the hippocampus of offspring. To investigate the effects of perinatal fluoride
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Molecular mechanism of brain impairment caused by drinking-acquired fluorosis and selenium intervention
This study investigated the molecular mechanism of brain impairment induced by drinking fluoridated water and selenium intervention. Results showed that the learning and memory of rats in NaF group significantly decreased. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells, the expression levels of Cytc mRNA and protein, and the expression levels of
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[Effects of selenium on the damage of learning-memory ability of mice induced by fluoride].
Sodium fluoride added with or without selenite in deionized water was administered to male mice for 8 weeks. The influences of fluoride on learning-memory behavior were tested on Y-maze, and the ultrastructure of Gray 1 synaptic interface in the CA3 area hippocampus was qualitatively analyzed by electron microscopy and computer
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Effect of fluoride exposure on synaptic structure of brain areas related to learning-memory in mice.
SUMMARY: Learning-memory behavior was tested in mice on a Y-maze after they drank water containing different concentrations of sodium fluoride. Impairment of the structure of the Gray I synaptic interface in the CA3 area of the hippocampus was analyzed quantitatively by electron microscopy and a computer imaging processor. The main
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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Fluoride & IQ: 67 Studies
As of May 2020, a total of 75 studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. Of these investigations, 67 studies have found that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans, while over 60 animal studies have found that fluoride exposure impairs the learning and/or
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