Abstract
Since clinical case reports suggest that sodium fluoride (NaF) intoxication may impair learning and memory, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of NaF on two memory tasks: open-field habituation and two-way active avoidance. Adult male rats were exposed to NaF in drinking water at three concentrations for 30 days: 1.54 (control, tap water), 50 and 100 ppm NaF (corresponding to an intake of 0.10+/-0.005, 5.15+/-0.14, and 10.77+/-0.39 mg/kg of NaF, respectively). At day 30, the rats were placed in an open-field and retested after 24 h (test session) to measure habituation. In the two-way active avoidance task, another three groups of rats were trained in a 30-trial training session and tested again 24 h later (test session). Dental fluorosis was also evaluated. Habituation was impaired by 50 and 100 ppm, but not by 1.54 ppm NaF. Moreover, 100 ppm NaF reduced the number of avoidance responses in the active avoidance task. No locomotor impairment was observed. Mild dental fluorosis in rat incisor teeth was found in the 50 and 100 ppm NaF groups. Overall, these results suggest that moderate intoxication with sodium fluoride has potentially deleterious effects on learning and memory.
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Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water.
Recent evidence suggests that fluoride (F) and arsenic (As) may adversely affect intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. We explore the association between exposure to F and As in drinking water and intelligence in children. Three rural communities in Mexico with contrasting levels of F and As in drinking water were studied:
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Weakened interaction of ATG14 and the SNARE complex blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion contributes to fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
Highlights NaF induced autophagosome-lysosome fusion blockage. NaF weakened the interaction of ATG14 and SNARE complex. ATG14 regulates the SNARE complex in NaF-induced developmental neurotoxicity. ATG14 upregulation restored autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic flux. ATG14 upregulation protects against developmental fluoride neurotoxicity. Fluoride is capable of inducing developmental neurotoxicity, but the mechanisms involved remain
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The analog of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 is a protective factor of cognitive impairment induced by chronic fluorosis.
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 is widely used to treat patients with learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in China. However, it is not yet clear whether the analog of EGb761 (EGb) has a protective effect on the learning and memory damage induced by chronic fluorosis. In
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A study of the IQ levels of four- to seven-year-old children in high fluoride areas.
Using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, we conducted a study to determine the intellectual ability of 147 four- to seven-year-old preschool children in a high fluoride zone [of a rural area of Shehezi in Xinjiang Province, China] and 83 similarly-aged children from a low fluoride zone in
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Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Intelligence Quotient of 12-14-Year-Old Children in Mathura District: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Aims: The aim was to assess and correlate the influence of the concentration of fluoride in ingested water on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of 12–14-year-old youngsters in Mathura district. Materials and Methods: A total of 219 children were selected, 75 from low F area, 75 medium F area, and 69 from
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride & IQ: 76 Studies
• As of July 18, 2022, a total of 85 human studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. • Of these investigations, 76 studies have reported that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans. • The studies which reported an association of reduced IQ with exposure
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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