Abstract
Fluoride can induce neurotoxicity, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, we explored the role of autophagy in F–-induced neurotoxicity of Wistar rats. Eighty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (distilled water containing less than 0.1 mg/L F–) and three NaF-treated groups (F– was respectively administered at 25, 50, and 100 mg/L orally via drinking water). The water maze experiment showed that NaF exposure impaired the learning capabilities of the rats. When compared with the control group, the mean escape latency of the rats in the 100 mg/L F– group was much longer (P?<?0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that NaF exposure induced autophagy, as shown by the significant increase of Beclin-1 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region and DG region. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of hippocampal neurons. With the increase of F– concentration, the ultrastructural abnormalities of hippocampal neurons increased. These results indicate that fluoride can impair the learning ability of rats, which may be related to the induction of autophagy in rat hippocampal neurons.
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Fluoride-Induced Expression of Neuroinflammatory Markers and Neurophysiological Regulation in the Brain of Wistar Rat Model.
Excess fluoride intake has been linked with various pathological conditions. The objective of the present study was to understand the role of fluoride in neurotoxic, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative changes in the brain tissue of Wistar rats. Wistar rats were fed with water containing 20–100 ppm (ppm) sodium fluoride (NaF). An
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[Expression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and nuclear factor kB in brain hippocampus of rat with chronic fluorosis].
Objective To investigate the expressions of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) in brain hippocampus of rat with chronic fluorosis, and to reveal the mechanism of brain damage resulted from chronic fluorosis. Methods Sixty clean grade SD rats were randomly divided to three groups (20 rats
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Changed expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the brains of rats and primary neurons exposed to high level of fluoride
Expressions of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) in the brains of rats and primary neurons exposed to high fluoride were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into a fluorosis group (50 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 6 months) and controls (<0.5ppm fluoride) and the offspring from these rats sacrificed
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Pathologic changes and effect on the learning and memory ability in rats exposed to fluoride and aluminum
Background: The aim of this study is to establish a single and combined intoxication model of fluoride and aluminum so as to observe the impact of these chemicals on the learning and memory ability and the pathologic changes in brain of rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned
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Biochemical changes in brain and other tissues of young adult female mice from fluoride in their drinking water.
One-month old female Swiss albino mice were given 60 ppm and 120 ppm F– (from NaF) in their drinking water for 30 days to study effects of fluoride on neurotransmitter enzymes (AchE, BchE), anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in brain (hippocampus), liver, and gastrocnemius muscle. Activities of AchE and BchE showed a concentration-dependent decrease
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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