Discussion
A fluoride concentration of 0.2 to 3.5 ppm is sufficient to induce dental fluorosis (2). According to the data published from 1990 to 2012, it has been reported that the prevalence of fluorosis in South Africa is 47%, while in Iran it is 61% (23). Approximately 82.4% of Sri Lanka's population lives in the low fluoride region with ~80% of children experiencing mild to severe forms of dental fluorosis (24).
Intake of fluoride in an excessive amount above the safe limit is the chief
Figure 1. Risk assessment strategy for fluoride health effects.
Note: See the Health Canada Summary Report of the expert panel members of this study.
5. Conclusion
First, fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation may cause neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring mice, including abnormal expression of genes related to synaptic function, and aneurotransmitters’ accumulation; the magnitude and spectrum of response to fluoride exposure in parents and offspring are significantly different.
Second, in mice exposed to fluoride during gestation and lactation, metabolic accumulation of choline and arachidonic acid and their derivati
4. Discussion
... Fluoridation of drinking water has been implemented in multiple countries to promote dental health. These findings can help inform whether fluoridation practices are an optimal cost-effective measure to improve health. Even though fluoride can be excreted from the body within hours, a potential long-lasting endocrine-disrupting role of the chemical should be considered in future studies. In this study, we identified an environmental and modifiable potential risk factor for car
Fluoride has a well-documented role in the prevention and treatment of dental caries, but the mechanism is attributed to local effects on the tooth enamel surface rather than systemic effects. Fluoride is not considered essential for humans, no deficiencies are known, and no optimal range, which will not result in moderate fluorosis in some individuals, can be set. Recently, research studies have shown evidence for a relationship between fluoride intake and cognitive outcomes and interaction
Introduction
Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal progenitor cells and are the main functional cells for bone formation [[1], [2], [3]]. They are responsible for the synthesis, secretion and mineralization of bone matrix and can secrete various bioactive substances for bone formation and reconstruction [[1], [2], [3]]. In the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, uncontrolled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and excessive oxidative injury will lead to significant damage and death of osteo
1. Introduction
... Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed cell death characterized by specific biochemical and morphological features that culminate in cellular shrinkage to apoptotic bodies that are engulfed by neighboring macrophages [[12]]. This occurs without an accompanying inflammatory response. Characterized morphological changes accompanying apoptosis include cleavage of cytoskeletal filament fibers, cell cytoplasm, and nucleus condense, DNA fragmentation by the action of end
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