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Fluoride Studies funded by the U.S. Government

The first U.S. government-funded Mother-Offspring study on fluoride's neurotoxic effects was published in 2017 - some 67 years since fluoridation of drinking water began. There are now more studies since 2017 that have revealed that in fluoridated communities the fetus and the formula-fed infant are the most vulnerable to fluoride’s neurotoxicity. These and other studies funded by the U.S. government on fluoride's toxicity are presented here.

Fluoride studies that received NIDCR funding

In 1998, the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) was renamed the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

The NIDCR is a staunchly pro-fluoridation federal agency. It is the major funding source for dental research in the US. It has funded many studies on fluoride, but only one human study on fluoride’s neurotoxicity, which was the Broadbent et al. 2015 New Zealand IQ study (see below). While there are currently 74 studies reporting an association between fluoride exposure and lowered IQ, the Broadbent study is one of 9 studies that found no correlation.

According to Philippe P. Hujoel, How a Nutritional Deficiency Became Treated with Fluoride, Nutrients, 2021:

“The ADA [American Dental Association] sponsored the bill to create the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR)… This institute would become credited with motivating 17 countries to fluoridate their water, for training hundreds of foreign dental scientists, and for funding research in 7 foreign countries. The New York Times described the first two NIDR directors as fluoride pioneers (there were 4 such recognized fluoride pioneers) [67,68]. These NIDR directors’ were ADA members and had a long prior history of research on fluorides and micro-organisms [69]. The term fluoride appears extensively in the index of a book on the 20th century history of NIDR…”

The NIDCR has a huge budget to fund hundreds of studies each year. For 2023 the proposed budget is $513.2 million.

The continuous funding to university researchers, and the journals they publish in, can influence strong partisanship to NIDCR’s positions, and in the case of fluoride, to their staunch promotion of fluoridation.

How to find who funds the studies on fluoride and fluoridation?

The following studies listed below are funded or co-funded by the NIDCR (and they are only a handful of what the NIDCR has funded). The easy way to find who funds the studies is by searching Europe PMC. You can quickly find the studies by searching: NIDCR fluoride or NIDCR and a researcher’s name.

A more direct route is the NIH Reporter. Take a look at the studies, and the grant amounts, the NIDCR gave to Gary Douglas Slade BDSC, DDPH, of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Professor Slade is a major proponent of fluoridation. Note: BDSC = Bachelor of Dental Science; DDPH =Diploma in Dental Public Health.

Some of the fluoride studies funded by the NIDCR (we will add more as time allows)

Year

Authors

Affiliation
(# of authors)

Publication

Title
2023
Chi DL1,
Kerr D,
Patiño Nguyen D,
Shands ME,
Cruz S,
Edwards T,
Carle A,
Carpiano R,
Lewis F

U. of Washington – 6

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital (Ohio) – 2

U. of California (Riverside) – 1

 PLOS One
18(3):e0282834
March 23.		 A conceptual model on caregivers’ hesitancy of topical fluoride for their children.
2023
Hernandez A,
Hartgerink JD,
Young S

 U. of Texas (Huston) – 2

Rice U. – 1

 Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
11:1139782
March 1.
 Self-assembling peptides as immunomodulatory biomaterials.
2023
Simancas-Pallares M, Gormley A, Shrestha P, Gu Y, Cho H,  Spangle H, Burk Z, Smith M, Dashper S,  Burgner D, Ferreira Zandona A, Ginnis J, Vann W, Esberg A, Roach J, Ribeiro A, Wu D,  Silva M,  Lif Holgerson P,  Haworth S, Johansson I, North K,  and Kimon Divaris D.

U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 6

U. of Bristol (UK) – 2

Barwon Health
U. of Melbourne (Australia) – 2

Murdoch Children’s Research Institute  (Australia) – 2

Tufts U. – 1

Umea U. (Sweden) – 3

 Research Square
Res Sq preprint, version 1,
March 1.		 Evidence for clinical subtypes of early childhood caries.
2023
Ronis SD,
Selvaraj D,
Albert JM,
Koroukian SM,
Nelson S
 Case Western Reserve U. (Ohio) – 5 JAMA Network Open6(2):e230999
Feb 1.		 Dental Caries in Medicaid-Insured Preschool Children With or Without Special Health Care Needs in Northeast Ohio.
2022
Wu TT,
Xiao J,
Manning S,
Saraithong P,
Pattanaporn K,
Paster BJ,
Chen T,
Vasani S,
Gilbert C,
Zeng Y,
Li Y
 U. of Rochester – 5
U. of Michigan – 1
Mae Fah Luang Univ. (Thailand) – 1
Forsyth Institute (MA) – 2
Cornell U. (NY – 1		 Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
12:881899.
May 23.
 Multimodal Data Integration Reveals Mode of Delivery and Snack Consumption Outrank Salivary Microbiome in Association With Caries Outcome in Thai Children.
2023
R Carrilho M,
Bretz W

Midwestern U, (Il) – 1

TeraEarth (CA) – 1

 Marine Drugs
21(2): 109.
Feb 2.		 Red Marine Algae Lithothamnion calcareum Supports Dental Enamel Mineralization.
2022
Ko A,
Chi DL
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12800 
Oct 11.
 Fluoride hesitancy: A mixed methods study on decision-making about forms of fluoride.
2022
Semprini J,
Wehby G.
  U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 2 Journal of the American Dental Association
May 3.		 Impact of Medicaid dental coverage expansion on self-reported tooth loss in low-income adults.
2022

Maida CA

Marcus M,
Xiong D,
Ortega-Verdugo P,
Agredano E,
Huang Y,
Zhou L,
Lee SY,
Shen J,
Hays RD,
Crall JJ,
Liu H.
 U. of California (Los Angeles) – 12 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
19(8).
April 14.		 Investigating Perceptions of Teachers and School Nurses on Child and Adolescent Oral Health in Los Angeles County.
2022
Kranz AM, Goff SL, Dick AW, Whaley C, Geissler KH.
 U. of Masschusetts (Amherst) – 2
RAND – 3		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
April 3.		 Delivery of fluoride varnish during pediatric medical visits by rurality.
2022
Burgette JM, Dahl ZT, Yi JS, Weyant RJ, McNeil DW, Foxman B, Marazita ML.
 U. of Pittsburgh – 8
West Virginia U. – 2
U. of Michigan – 1		 JAMA Network Open,

1;5(4):e226414.
April 1.
 Mothers’ Sources of Child Fluoride Information and Misinformation From Social Connections.
2022

 

Gu Y,
Preisser JS,
Zeng D,
Shrestha P,
Shah M,
Simancas-Pallares MA,
Ginnis J,
Divaris K
 U. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (8) The Annals of Applied Statistics
16(1):551-572.
Mar 28.
 Partitioning around medoids clustering andf random forest classification for GIS-informed imputation of fluoride concentration data.
2022
Leung E, Kerr D*, Askelson N, Chi DL.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3
U. of Iowa – 1*		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
March 14.
 Understanding topical fluoride hesitancy and refusal behaviors through the extended parallel process model and health belief model.
2022
Kashirtsev F, Tressel J,
Fried D.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 3 Proceedings of SPIE–the International Society for Optical Engineering
11942: 1194209.
Mar 4.		 Dehydration imaging of dental fluorosis at 1950 nm.
2022
Goff SL,
Gahlon G,
Geissler KH,
Dick AW,
Kranz AM.
 U. of Massachusetts (Amherst) – 2
RAND – 2
Tufts U. – 1		 Frontiers in Public Health
10: 785296.
Mar 4.
 Variation in Current Guidelines for Fluoride Varnish Application for Young Children in Medical Settings in the United States.
2022
Gu Y, Preisser JS,
Zeng D, Shrestha P,
Shah M, Simancas-Pallares MA,
Ginnis J, Divaris K
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 8 The Annals of Applied Statistics
16(1): 551–572.
March.		 Partitioning around medoids clustering and random forest classification for GIS-informed imputation of fluoride concentration data.
2022
Lyu W,
Wehby GL.
 U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 2 Journal of the American Dental Association
Feb 25.		 Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s oral health and oral health care use.
2022
Kranz AM,
Opper IM,
Stein BD,
Ruder T,
Gahlon G,
Sorbero M,
Dick AW
  Rand Corporation – 7 Medical Care Research and Review : MCRR, 10775587221074766
Feb 8.
 Medicaid Payment and Fluoride Varnish Application During Pediatric Medical Visits.
2022
Tressel J,
Kashirtsev F,
Cheung K,
Simon J,
Fried D
  U. of California (San Francisco) Proceedings of Spie–the International Society for Optical Engineering
Jan 1.
 Caries inhibition of simulated active caries lesions with CO2 laser irradiation and fluoride.
2021
Imes EP,
Ginnis J,
Shrestha P,
Simancas-Pallares MA,
Divaris K.
  U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) Frontiers in Public Health
9:751733.
Dec 24.
 Guardian Reports of Children’s Sub-optimal Oral Health Are Associated With Clinically Determined Early Childhood Caries, Unrestored Caries Lesions, and History of Toothaches.
2021
Kalair N,
Mousli LM,
Jacobs LM,
Schmidt L,
Kearns C
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 4 Journal of the American Dental Association
153(3):201-207
Dec.		 Work site access to fluoridated tap water and retail beverages: An assessment of the University of California, San Francisco campuses.
2021
Sedghi L,
DiMassa V, Harrington A, Lynch SV,
Kapila YL.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 4 Periodontol 2000 87(1):107-131.
Oct.
 The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease.
2021
Ko A, Banks JT,
Hill CM,
Chi DL.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
62(2):e69-e76
Oct 1, 2021.
 Fluoride Prescribing Behaviors for Medicaid-Enrolled Children in Oregon.
2021
Warren JJ, Levy SM,
Xu Y, Daly JM
Eckert GJ
Clements D, Hara AT,
Jackson R, Katz BP,
Keels MA, Levy BT,
Fontana M
 U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 5
Indiana U. – 4
Duke U. – 2
U. of Michigan – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
43(4):287-289
July 1.
 Tooth Eruption and Early Childhood Caries: A Multisite Longitudinal Study.
2021
Lumsden CL,
Edelstein BL,
Basch CE,
Wolf RL,
Koch PA,
McKeague I,
Leu CS,
Andrews H.
 Columbia U. –  8 BMC Oral Health
21(1):246
May 7.		 Protocol for a family-centered behavioral intervention to reduce early childhood caries: the MySmileBuddy program efficacy trial.
2021
Karhade DS,  Roach J, Shrestha P, Simancas-Pallares MA, Ginnis J, Burk ZJ, Ribeiro AA, Cho H, Wu D, Divaris K.
 U.of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 10 Pediatric Dentistry
43(3): 191–197.
May.		 An Automated Machine Learning Classifier for Early Childhood Caries.
2021
Jang H, Patoine A,  Wu TT, Castillo DA, Xiao J.
 U. of Rochester (NY) – 5 Scientific Reports
11:16870.
August.		 Oral microflora and pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
2021
Hill C, Nash SH, Bersamin A,. Hopkins SE, Boyer BB, O’Brien DM, Chi DL.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2
U. of Alaska (Fairbanks) – 5		 International Journal of Circumpolar Health
80(1): 1920779.
April.
 Seasonal variation in added sugar or sugar sweetened beverage intake in Alaska native communities: an exploratory study.
2021
Kearns CE ,Urata J, Chaffee BW.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 3  JDR Clinical and Translational Research
7(2): 205–214.
March.		 California Dentists’ Engagement in Media Advocacy for Sugar Restriction Policies.
2021
Saha PK, Oweis RR,
Zhang X, Letuchy E,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL,
Warren JJ, Janz KF,
Torner JC, Snetselaar LG, Levy SM
 U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 11 Bone
146:115882
Feb 10.		 Effects of fluoride intake on cortical and trabecular bone microstructure at early adulthood using multi-row detector computed tomography (MDCT).
2021

Fujiwara N,
Whitford GM,
Bartlett JD,
Suzuki M.

 The Dental College of Georgia – 3
Ohio State U. – 1		 Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
273:116495.
Jan 11.
 Curcumin suppresses cell growth and attenuates fluoride-mediated Caspase-3 activation in ameloblast-like LS8 cells.
2021
Kang T,
Levy SM,
Datta S
 U. of Iowa – 1
U. of Florida – 2		 Biometrical Journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift
63(4):761-786.
Jan 4.
 Analyzing longitudinal clustered count data with zero inflation: Marginal modeling using the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution.
2021
Hayes C
Douglass CW
Kim FM
Burgard SL
Couper D
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 U. of Massachusetts, Worcester – 1
Harvard School of Dental Medicine – 1
Consultant, Texas – 1
U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2		 Journal of the American Dental Association
152(5):344-353.e10.
Mar 18.		 A case-control study of topical and supplemental fluoride use and osteosarcoma risk.
2020
Divaris K, Slade GD,
Ferreira Zandona AG,
Preisser JS, Ginnis J,
Simancas-Pallares MA,
Agler CS, Shrestha P,
Karhade DS, Ribeiro AA, Cho H, Gu Y, Meyer BD,
Joshi AR,
Azcarate-Peril MA,
Basta PV,
Wu D, North KE

U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill)- 9

 

 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
17(21). Nov.		 Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0-A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health.
2020
Peres KG1,
Thomson WM2,
Chaffee BW3,
Peres MA1,
Birungi N4,
Do LG5,
Feldens CA6,
Fontana M7,
Marshall TA8,
Pitiphat W9,
Seow WK10,
Wagner Y11,
Wong HM12,
Rugg-Gunn AJ13
1. National Dental Research Institute Singapore.
2.  U. of Otago, NZ
3. U. of California (San Francisco)
4. U. of Bergen, Norway.
5. U. of Adelaide, Australia.
6. Lutheran U. of Brazil.
7.  U. of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
8. U. of Iowa (Iowa City)
9. Khon Kaen U. Thailand.
10. U. of Queensland, Australia.
11. Jena U. Hospital, Jena, Germany
12. U. of Hong Kong, China.
13. The Borrow Foundation, UK.
 Journal of Dental Research
99(12):1321-1331.
July 1.		 Oral Health Birth Cohort Studies: Achievements, Challenges, and Potential.
2020
Wang L,
Ren J,
Fiscella KA,
*Bullock S,
Sanders MR,
Loomis EL,
Eliav E,
Mendoza M,
Cacciato R,
Thomas M,
Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT,
Billings RJ,
Xiao J
 U. of Rochester – 12
*Healthy Baby Network		 BMC Oral Health
20(1):333.
Nov 23.		 Interprofessional collaboration and smartphone use as promising strategies to improve prenatal oral health care utilization among US underserved women: results from a qualitative study.
2020
Kang T,
Gaskins J,
Levy S,
Datta S
 U. of Iowa – 1
U. of Florida – 2
U. of Louisville – 1		 Statistics in Medicine
40(6):1336-1356.
Dec 23.		 A longitudinal Bayesian mixed effects model with hurdle Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution.
2020
Marshall TA,
Curtis AM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 5 Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
121(2):253-260.
Oct 24.
 Beverage Intakes and Toothbrushing During Childhood Are Associated With Caries at Age 17 Years.
2020
Slade, GD
Principal Investigator
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hlll) – 1 Human Experiment. The Fluoride Action Network describes this experiment as unethical and has requested that it be stopped.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT04893681
History of Changes
Other Study ID Numbers:20-3273
UG3DE029169 ( U.S. NIH Grant/Contract )
21-017-E ( Other Identifier: NIDCR study protocol number )
Phase II, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial to evaluate dental caries preventive effects of fluoridated bottle water
2020
Akinkugbe AA,
Brickhouse TH, Nascimento MM,
Slade GD.
 Virginia Commonwealth U. – 2
U. of Florida – 1
U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 1		 Preventive Medicine Reports
20:101201
Sept.
 Prenatal smoking and the risk of early childhood caries: A prospective cohort study.
2020
Uyghurturk DA,
Goin DE,
Martinez-Mier EA,
Woodruff TJ,
DenBesten PK.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 4
Indiana U. – 1
 Environmental Health
19(1):38
Apr 6.
 Maternal and fetal exposures to fluoride during mid-gestation among pregnant women in northern California.
2020
Cocco AR,
Cuevas-Suárez CE,
Liu Y,
Lund RG,
Piva E,
Hwang G
 Federal U. of Pelotas, Brazil – 4
U. of Pennsylvania – 2		 Biofouling
36(3):245-255.
Mar 1.		 Anti-biofilm activity of a novel pit and fissure self-adhesive sealant modified with metallic monomers.
2020
Hong CL, Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Poulton R.
 U .of Otago (New Zealand) – 4 Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
50(1): 35–46.
Feb 4.		 The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: Oral health findings and their implications.
2020
Kim P,
Daly JM,
Berkowitz S,
Levy BT
 U. of Iowa – 3
Genesis Health System – 1		 Journal of Primary Care
& Community Health
Jan 1.		 Use of the Fluoride Varnish Billing Code in a Tertiary Care Center Setting.
2020
Kim FM,
Hayes C,
Burgard SL,
Kim HD,
Hoover RN,
Douglass CW,
Couper D
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 Consultant
Boston U. – 1
U.of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2
Seoul National U. – 1
Natl. Cancer Institute
Harvard School -1 DentalMedicine		 Journal of Dental Research 99(10):1157-1164.
May 11.
 A Case-Control Study of Fluoridation and Osteosarcoma.
2020
Curtis AM,
Levy SM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Kolker JL,
Weber-Gasparoni K
 U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 6 Journal of Dental Research
99(4):388-394.
Feb 24.

Decline in Dental Fluorosis Severity during Adolescence: A Cohort Study.

-study also funded by
Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust
Delta Dental Foundation
2020
Aulestia FJ, Groeling J, Bomfim GHS, Costiniti V, Manikandan V, Chaloemtoem A, Concepcion AR, Li Y, Wagner LE 2nd, Idaghdour Y, Yule DI, Lacruz RS.
 New York University – 6
New York University (Abu Dhabi) – 1
U. of Rochester (NY) – 1		 Science Signaling

3(619):eaay0086.
February.
 Fluoride exposure alters Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial function in enamel cells.
2020
Deng H1, Fujiwara N2,
Cui H1, Whitford GM2,
Bartlett JD3, Suzuki M2
 Sichuan Agricultural U. (China) – 2
The Dental College of Georgia. – 3
Ohio State U. – 1		 Chemosphere
247:125825.
Jan 3.
 Histone acetyltransferase promotes fluoride toxicity in LS8 cells.
2020

Metcalf KM,
Letuchy EM,
Levy SM,
Janz KF

 U. of Iowa – 4 Pediatric Exercise Science 32(1):58-64.
Jan 2.		 An 8-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Physical Activity and Bone Strength From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: The Iowa Bone Development Study.
2019
Curiel JA,
Sanders AE,
Slade GD
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 3 JDR Clinical and Translational Research
5(4):376-384.
Nov 25.
 Emulation of Community Water Fluoridation Coverage Across US Counties.
2019
*Sanders AE, Grider WB,
Maas WR, Curiel JA,   Slade GD.  
U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2
US Census Bureau – Consultant		 JAMA Pediatrics
173(3): 288–290.
March.		 Association Between Water Fluoridation and Income-Related Dental Caries of US Children and Adolescents.
2019
Ghazal TS,
Childers NK,
Levy SM
 U.of Iowa – 1
Dentist – 1
U.of Alabama at Birmingham – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
41(6):472-476.
Nov 1.		 Models to Predict Future Permanent Tooth Caries Incidence in Children Using Primary Teeth Caries Experience.
2019
Bay CP, Levy SM,
Janz KF, Smith BJ,
Shaffer JR, Marazita ML,
Burns TL
 U. of Iowa – 4
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston – 1
U. of Pittsburgh – 2		 Journal of Clinical Densitometry
24(1):44-54.
Sep 27.
 Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Longitudinal Bone Mineral Content Data From the Iowa Bone Development Study.
2019
Pollick H.
 U. of California (San Francisco) –  1
 The Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice
19(2):213-216.
May 6.
 Community Water Fluoridation Benefits US Children From Poor Families More Than Those From More Affluent Families.
2019
Pollick H.
 U. of California (San Francisco) –  1 The Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice
19(2):217-219.
May 6.
 Children Who Live in Mainly Fluoridated us Counties Have Less Tooth Decay.
2019
Daly JM, Levy SM,
Xu Y, Jackson RD,
Eckert GJ, Levy BT,
Fontana M
 U. of Iowa – 4
Indiana U. – 2
U. of Michigan – 1		 Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
10:2150132719836908.
Jan 1.		 Changes in Parental Perceptions of Their Care of Their Children’s Oral Health From Age 1 to 4 Years.
2019
Marshall TA,
Curtis AM,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 5 Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
119(3):425-434.
Jan 9.		 Child and Adolescent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intakes Are Longitudinally Associated with Higher Body Mass Index z Scores in a Birth Cohort Followed 17 Years.
2019
Janz KF,
Letuchy EM,
Peterson C,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 4 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
51(5):1064-1072.
May 1.		 Contribution of High School Sport Participation to Young Adult Bone Strength.
2019
Godebo TR, Jeuland M,
Tekle-Haimanot R,
Shankar A, Alemayehu B,
Assefa G, Whitford G,
Wolfe A
 Tulane U. – 2
Duke U. – 1
Addis Ababa U. – 2
Augusta U. – 1
U. of Kentucky – 1		 Bone Reports
12:100235.
Dec 7.
 Bone quality in fluoride-exposed populations: A novel application of the ultrasonic method.
2019
Curiel JA, Slade GD,
Christian TL,
Lafferty-Hess S,
Carsey TM, Sanders AE
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 6 BMJ Open
9(2):e022580.
Feb 1.		 Referendum opposition to fluoridation and health literacy: a cross-sectional analysis conducted in three large US cities.
2019
Randall CL, Hort K,
Huebner CE, Mallott E,
Mancl L, Milgrom P,
Nelson L, Senturia K,
Weiner BJ, Cunha-Cruz J
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 8
Washington State U. – 1		 JDR Clinical and Translational Research
5(2):156-165.
Sep 9.
 Organizational Readiness to Implement System Changes in an Alaskan Tribal Dental Care Organization.
2019
Lu F, Zhang Y, Trivedi A, Jiang X, Chandra D, Zheng J, Nakano Y, Abduweli Uyghurturk D, Jalai R, Onur SG, Mentes A, DenBesten PK.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 9
Harbin Medical U. (China) – 1
Marmara U.(Turkey) – 1		 Physiology & Behavior
206: 76–83.
July.		 Fluoride Related Changes In Behavioral Outcomes May Relate to Increased Serotonin.
2018
Chi DL,
Basson AA.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 JDR Clinical and Translational Research
3(3):314-320.
March 1.
 Surveying Dentists’ Perceptions of Caregiver Refusal of Topical Fluoride.
2018
Carpianoa RM,
Chi DL.
 U. of California (Riverside) – 1
U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1		 Preventive Medicine Rports10: 123–128.
March 6.
 Parents’ attitudes towards topical fluoride and vaccines for children: Are these distinct or overlapping phenomena?
2018
Ghazal TS, Levy SM,
Childers NK, Carter KD,
Caplan DJ, Warren JJ,
Kolker JL
 U. of Iowa – 6
U. of Alabama at Birmingham – 1		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
79(1):10-17.
Sep 20.		 Survival analysis of caries incidence in African-American school-aged children.
2018
Fontana M, Eckert GJ,
Keels MA, Jackson R,
Katz BP, Kemper AR,
Levy BT, Levy SM,
Yanca E, Kelly S,
Daly JM, Patterson B,
McKnight P
 U. of Iowa – 3
U. of Michigan – 2
Indiana U. – 4
Duke U. – 2
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, OH – 1George Mason U. -1		 Journal of Dental Research
98(1):68-76
Sep 11.		 Predicting Caries in Medical Settings: Risk Factors in Diverse Infant Groups.
2018
Levy SM,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Warren JJ, Kavand G,
Letuchy E, Broffitt B,
Marshall TA, Burns TL,
Janz KF, Pauley C,
Torner JC, Phipps K
 U. of Iowa – 11
Research consultant  -|		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(4):352-359.
Aug 29.		 Associations of fluoride intake with children’s cortical bone mineral and strength measures at age 11.
2018
Oweis RR, Levy SM,
Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Warren JJ, Burns TL,
Janz KF, Torner JC,
Saha PK, Letuchy E
  U. of Iowa – 9 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
46(6):527-534.
Jul 1.

Fluoride intake and cortical and trabecular bone characteristics in adolescents at age 17: A prospective cohort study.

 
2018
Curtis AM, VanBuren J,
Cavanaugh JE,
Warren JJ, Marshall TA,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 6 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(4):321-328.
May 12.
 Longitudinal associations between dental caries increment and risk factors in late childhood and adolescence.
2018
Fontana M, Eckert GJ,
Keels MA, Jackson R,
Katz B, Levy BT,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 2
U., of Michigan – 1
Indiana U. -3
Duke U. – 1		 Advances in Dental Research 29(1):24-34.
Feb 1.
 Fluoride Use in Health Care Settings: Association with Children’s Caries Risk.
2018
Curiel JA, Sanders AE,
Christian TL,
Lafferty-Hess S,
Carsey TM, Lampiris LN,
Slade GD
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 7 Journal of the American Dental Association
149(4):273-280.e3.
Feb 14.
 Fluoridation advocacy in referenda where media coverage is balanced yet biased..
2018
Slade GD, Grider WB,
Maas WR, Sanders AE
  U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2 Journal of Dental Research 97(10):1122-1128.
Jun 14.
 Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries in U.S. Children and Adolescents.
2018
Senturia K, Fiset L,
Hort K, Huebner C,
Mallott E, Milgrom P,
Nelson L, Parrish C,
Cunha-Cruz J
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 6
Washington State U. – 1		 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
46(4):416-424.
Jun 4.		 Dental health aides in Alaska: A qualitative assessment to improve paediatric oral health in remote rural villages.
2018
Horst JA,
Tanzer JM,
Milgrom PM
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 1
U. of Connecticut – 1
U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1		 Dental Clinics of North America
62(2):207-234.
Apr 1.
 Fluorides and Other Preventive Strategies for Tooth Decay.
2018
Horst JA
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 1 Advances in Dental Research
29(1):135-140.
Feb 1.
 Silver Fluoride as a Treatment for Dental Caries.
2017
Slade GD,
Sanders AE
  U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(3):187-191
Dec 27.		 Two decades of persisting income-disparities in dental caries among U.S. children and adolescents.
2017
Chi DL.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1 Dental Clinics of North America
61(3):607-617.
May 4.
 Parent refusal of topical fluoride for their children: clinical strategies and future research priorities to improve evidence-based pediatric dental practice.
2017
Warren JJ,
Van Buren JM,
Levy SM,
Marshall TA,
Cavanaugh JE,
Curtis AM,
Kolker JL,
Weber-Gasparoni K
  U. of Iowa – 8 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
45(6):538-544.
Jul 3.
 Dental caries clusters among adolescents.
2017
Bhagavatula P,
Curtis A,
Broffitt B,
Weber-Gasparoni K,
Warren J,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 3
Marquette U. (WI) – 1		 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
78(2):165-174.
Dec 29.		 The relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth.
2017

Suzuki M,
Everett ET,
Whitford GM,
Bartlett JD

 Ohio State U. -2
U. of Columbus -1
U. of Georgia – 1		 Frontiers in Physiology
8:302.
May 11.
 4-phenylbutyrate Mitigates Fluoride-Induced Cytotoxicity in ALC Cells.
2017
Tiwari T,
Albino J
  U. of Colorado – 2 Dental Clinics of North America
61(3):549-563.
May 4.
 Acculturation and Pediatric Minority Oral Health Interventions.
2017
Milgrom P,
Horst JA,
Ludwig S,
Rothen M,
Chaffee BW,
Lyalina S,
Pollard KS,
DeRisi JL,
Mancl L
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3
U. of California (San Francisco)– 5		 Journal of Dentistry
68:72-78.
Sept 1.
 Topical silver diamine fluoride for dental caries arrest in preschool children: A randomized controlled trial and microbiological analysis of caries associated microbes and resistance gene expression.
2016

Barker JC,
Guerra C,
Gonzalez-Vargas MJ,
Hoeft KS

 U. of California – 4 Plos one
11(7):e0158540.
July 8.
 Acceptability of Salt Fluoridation in a Rural Latino Community in the United States: An Ethnographic Study.
2016
Horst JA,
Ellenikiotis H,
Milgrom PL
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 2
U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1		 Journal of the California Dental Association
44(1):16-28.
Jan 1.
 UCSF Protocol for Caries Arrest Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: Rationale, Indications and Consent.
2016
Chi DL,
Zegarra G,
Vasquez Huerta EC,
Castillo JL,
Milgrom P,
Roberts MC
Cabrera-Matta AR,
Merino AP
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 4
U.Alas Peruanas, Peru – 1
U. Catolica de Santa Maria, Peru – 1
U. Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru – 2		 Journal of Dentistry for Children (Chicago, Ill.)
 83(3):152-16.
Sept 1.
 Milk Sweetened with Xylitol: A Proof-of-Principle Caries Prevention Randomized Clinical Trial.
2016
Martinez-Mier EA,
Shone DB2,
Buckley CM,
Ando M,
Lippert F,
Soto-Rojas AE.
  Indian U. – 6 Journal of Dentistry
46:42-46.
Jan 22.
 Relationship between enamel fluorosis severity and fluoride content.
2016

Ghazal TS,
Levy SM,
Childers NK,
Broffitt BA,
Caplan DJ,
Warren JJ,
Cavanaugh JE,
Kolker J

 U. of Iowa – 7
U. of Alabama – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry
38(3):224-230.
Jan1.
 Dental Caries in High-risk, School-age African American Children in Alabama: A Six-year Prospective.
2016

Bryant LL, Quissell DO,
Braun PA,
Henderson WG,
Johs N, George C,
Smith V, Toledo N,
Thomas J, Albino JE

 U. of Colorado – 10 Journal of Community Health
41(2):340-353.
Apr 1.
 A Community-Based Oral Health Intervention in Navajo Nation Head Start: Participation Factors and Contextual Challenges.
2015
Broadbent JM,
Thomson WM,
Ramrakha S,
Moffitt TE,
Zeng J,
Foster Page LA,
Poulton R

U. of Otago, NZ – 6

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke U., NC-1
American Journal of Public Health
105(1):72-76.
Jan 1.
 Community Water Fluoridation and Intelligence: Prospective Study in New Zealand.
2015
Chi DL,
Chen CY
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2
Journal of Public Health Dentistry
75(3):169-174
Feb 23.
 Initial nonresponse and survey response mode biases in survey research.
2015
Puranik CP,
Ryan KA,
Yin Z,
Martinez-Mier EA,
Preisser JS,
Everett ET
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 5
Indiana U. – 1
Cells, Tissues, Organs>
200(6):413-423.
Sept 19.
 Fluoride Modulates Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in vivo and in vitro.
2015
Chaitanya P. Puranik, Kathleen A. Ryan, Zhaoyu Yin,
E. Angeles Martinez-Mier,
John S. Preisser,
Eric T. Everett
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 5
Indiana U. – 1
Cells Tissues Organs
200(6):413–423.

Sep 19.

Fluoride Modulates Parathyroid Hormone Secretion in vivo and in vitro.
2015
Riedy CA,
Weinstein P,
Mancl L,
Garson G,
Huebner CE,
Milgrom P,
Grembowski D,
Shepherd-Banigan M,
Smolen D,
Sutherland M
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 9 Social Science & Medicine (1982)
144:9-18.
Sept 8.
 Dental attendance among low-income women and their children following a brief motivational counseling intervention: A community randomized trial.
2015 Albino J,
Tiwari T.		  U. of Colorado – 2 Journal of Dental Research 95(1):35-42.
Oct 15.
 Preventing Childhood Caries: A Review of Recent Behavioral Research.
2014
Chi DL.
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1 American Journal of Public Health
104(7): 1327–1333.
July. 		Caregivers who refuse preventive care for their children: the relationship between immunization and topical fluoride refusal.
2014
Kobayashi CA,
Leite AL,
Peres-Buzalaf C,
Carvalho JG,
Whitford GM,
Everett ET,
Siqueira WL,
Buzalaf MA
 U. of  Sao Paulo (Brazil) – 4
U. do Sagrado Coracao (Brazil) – 1
U. of Georgia – 1
U. of North Carolina  (Chapel Hill)- 1
Western U. (London, ON) – 1		 Plos one
9(12):e114343.
Dec 11.
 Bone response to fluoride exposure is influenced by genetics.
2014
Milgrom P,
Taves DM,
Kim AS,
Watson GE,
Horst JA
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3
U. of Rochester – 1
U. of California (San Francisco) – 1		 Pediatrics
134(3):e870-4.
Aug 18.
 Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in toddlers after application of 5% sodium fluoride dental varnish.
2014
Ghazal T,
Levy SM,
Childers NK,
Broffitt B,
Cutter G,
Wiener HW,
Kempf M,
Warren J,
Cavanaugh J
 U. of Iowa – 9 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
75(1):42-48.
Sep 11.		 Prevalence and incidence of early childhood caries among African-American children in Alabama.
2014
Hong L,
Levy SM,
Warren JJ,
Broffitt B
 U. of Iowa – 3
U. of Tennessee – 1		 Pediatric Dentistry, 36(4):342-347.
Jul 1.
 Infant breast-feeding and childhood caries: a nine-year study.
2014
Levy SM,
Warren JJ,
*Phipps K,
Letuchy E,
Broffitt B,
Eichenberger-Gilmore J,
Burns TL,
Kavand G,
Janz KF,
Torner JC,
Pauley CA
 U. of  Iowa – 10
* Consultant		 Journal of Dental Research
93(4): 353–359.
Apr.
 Effects of life-long fluoride intake on bone measures of adolescents: a prospective cohort study.
2014
Huebner CE,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 International Journal of Dental Hygiene
13(1):65-73.
July 29.		 Evaluation of a parent-designed programme to support tooth brushing of infants and young children.
2014
Casamassimo PS,
Lee JY,
Marazita ML,
Milgrom P,
Chi DL,
Divaris K
 Ohio State U. – 1
U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 2
U. of Pittsburgh – 1
U. of Washington (Seattle)– 2		 Journal of Dental Research
93(10):938-942.
Aug 13.
 Improving children’s oral health: an interdisciplinary research framework.
2014
*Masterson EE,
Barker JC ,
Hoeft KS,
Hyde S.

U. of California (San Francisco) – 3

*U. of Washington, School of Public Health – 1

 Human Organization
73(1):82-93.
Jan 1.

 Shades of Decay: The Meanings of Tooth Discoloration and Deterioration to Mexican Immigrant Caregivers of Young Children.
2014
Chi DL,
Tut O,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2
Griffith U. (Australia) – 1		 Journal of Dentistry for Children (Chicago, Ill.)
81(1):27-32.
Jan 1.
 Cluster-randomized xylitol toothpaste trial for early childhood caries prevention.
2014
Weinstein P,
Milgrom P1,
Riedy CA,
Mancl LA,
Garson G,
Huebner CE,
Smolen D,
Sutherland M,
Nykamp A
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 8
Klamath County Public Health – 1		 BMC Oral Health
14:15.
Feb 24.
 Treatment fidelity of brief motivational interviewing and health education in a randomized clinical trial to promote dental attendance of low-income mothers and children: Community-Based Intergenerational Oral Health Study “Baby Smiles“.
2013
Chung LH, Gregorich SE, Armitage GC, Gonzalez-Vargas J, Adams SH.
 U. of Californoria (San Francisco) Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology

42(2):151-9.
April
 Sociodemographic disparities and behavioral factors in clinical oral health status during pregnancy.
2013
Ritter AV,
Bader JD,
Leo MC,
Preisser JS,
Shugars DA,
Vollmer WM,
Amaechi BT,
Holland JC
 U. of  North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 5
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research – 2
U. of Texas – 1		 Journal of Dental Research
92(6):512-517.
Apr 15.
 Tooth-surface-specific effects of xylitol: randomized trial results.
2013
Ritter AV,
Bader JD,
Leo MC,
Preisser JS,
Shugars DA,
Vollmer WM,
Amaechi BT,
Holland JC
 U. of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) – 5
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research – 1
U. of Texas – 1		 Journal of Dental Research
92(6):512-517.
Apr 15.
 Tooth-surface-specific effects of xylitol: randomized trial results.
2013
Milgrom P, Riedy CA,
Weinstein P, Mancl LA,
Garson G, Huebner CE,
Smolen D, Sutherland M
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 7
Klamath County Public Health – 1		 BMC Oral Health
13:38.
Aug 6.		 Design of a community-based intergenerational oral health study: “Baby Smiles”.
2012 .

Wang X,
Willing MC,
Marazita ML,
Wendell S,
Warren JJ,
Broffitt B,
Smith B,
Busch T,
Lidral AC,
Levy SM
 U. of Iowa – 6
U. of Pittsburgh – 3
Washington U., MO – 1		 Caries Research
46(3):177-184.
Apr 13.
 Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study.
2012
Nelson S,
Lee W,
Albert JM,
Singer LT
 Case Western University – 3 Journal of Dental Research
91(9):859-864.
Jul 20.
 Early maternal psychosocial factors are predictors for adolescent caries.
2011
Shearer DM,
Thomson WM,
Broadbent JM,
Poulton R
Dept of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry , Dunedin, NZ – 3
Dept of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, U. of Otago, Dunedin,  NZ – 1
 Journal of Dental Research
90(5):672-677.
Jan 19.		 Maternal oral health predicts their children’s caries experience in adulthood.
2011
Shearer DM,
Thomson WM,
*Caspi A,
*Moffitt TE,
Broadbent JM,
Poulton R
 School of Dentistry, Dunedin, NZ – 3

*Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK – 2
*Duke U. North Carolina -2
Dunedin School of Medicine, NZ – 1
 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
40(2):105-115.
Oct 24.
 Family history and oral health: findings from the Dunedin Study.
2011
Kim FM,
Hayes C,
Williams PL,
Whitford GM,
Joshipura KJ,
Hoover RN,
Douglass CW,
National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group
 1, 3, 7. Harvard
2. Tufts Medical Center
4.Georgia School of Dentistry
5. U. of Puerto Rico
6.National Cancer Institute		 Journal of Dental Research
90(10): 1171–1176.
Oct.		 An Assessment of Bone Fluoride and Osteosarcoma.
2010
Vann WF Jr,
Lee JY,
Baker D,
Divaris K
 U. of North Carolina – 4 Journal of Dental Research 89(12):1395-1400.
Oct 5.
 Oral health literacy among female caregivers: impact on oral health outcomes in early childhood.
2010
*Shen C,
*Zhang NZ,
Anusavice KJ
  U. of Florida Journal of Dental Research
89(9): 1002–1006.
Sept.		 Fluoride and chlorhexidine release from filled resins.
2010
Sharma R,
Tsuchiya M,
Skobe Z,
Tannous BA,
Bartlett JD.
 Forsyth Institute – 5 PLoS One.
5(5): e10895.
May 28.
 The Acid Test of Fluoride: How pH Modulates Toxicity.
2010
Scherzer T,
Barker JC,
Pollick H,
Weintraub JA.
 U. of California (San Francisco) – 4 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
70(4): 337–343.
Jan 3.		 Water consumption beliefs and practices in a rural Latino community: implications for fluoridation.
2009
Milgrom P,
Ly KA,
Rothen M
  U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3 Advances in Dental
21(1):44-47.
July 31.
 Xylitol and its vehicles for public health needs.
2009`

Graves JM,
Daniell W,
James F,
Milgrom P

  U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3 Washington State Journal of Public Health Practice
2(2):22-31.
Jan 1.
 Estimating Fluoride Exposure in Rural Communities: A Case Study in Western Washington.
2009
*Tinanoff N
Reisine S
 U. of Maryland – 1* Academic Pediatrics
9(6):396-403.
Nov 1.
 Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General’s Report.
2009
Coolidge T,
Heaton LJ,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3 SAAD Digest
25:29-36.
Jan 1.
 The challenge of sedation with adolescents: case studies and clinical recommendations.
2009
Chi D,
Milgrom P
 U. of Iowa – 1
U. of Washington (Seattle)-1		 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
20(2):458-472.
May 1.
 Preventive dental service utilization for Medicaid-enrolled children in New Hampshire: a comparison of care provided by pediatric dentists and general dentists.
2009
Milgrom PM,
Huebner CE,
Ly KA
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)
140(6):628, 630-1.
June 1.
 Fluoridated toothpaste and the prevention of early childhood caries: a failure to meet the needs of our young.
2009
Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI
 Marquette U. (WI) – 3
U. of Alabama – 1
Boston U. – 1		 Health Services Research
44(4): 1144–1156.
August.
 Increased Children’s Access to Fluoride Varnish Treatment by Involving Medical Care Providers: Effect of a Medicaid Policy Change.
2008
Milgrom P,
Weinstein P,
Huebner C,
Graves J,
Tut O
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 5 Maternal and Child Health Journal
15(7):876-882.
Feb 2.		 Empowering Head Start to improve access to good oral health for children from low income families.
2008
Grembowski D,
Spiekerman C,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 3 Pediatrics
122(4):e805-14.
Oct 1.
 Linking mother and child access to dental care.
2006
Bassin EB,
Wypij D,
Davis RB,
Mittleman MA.
Harvard School of Dental Medicine
 Cancer Causes Control
17(4):421-428.
May.
 Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States).
2006
Broadbent JM,
Thomson WM,
Poulton R
Faculty of Dentistry, U. of Otago, NXZ – 2
Dunedin School of Medicine, U. of Otago, NZ – 1
 Journal of Dental Research
85(4):339-343 .
Apr 1.		 Oral health beliefs in adolescence and oral health in young adulthood.
2005
Sá Roriz Fonteles C,
Zero DT,
Moss ME,
Fu J.
 Dept. of Clinical Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Caries Researcj
39(6):505-508.
Nov 1.		 Fluoride concentrations in enamel and dentin of primary teeth after pre- and postnatal fluoride exposure.
2004
Milgrom P,
Garcia RI,
Ismail A,
Katz RV,
Weintraub JA
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 1
U. of California (San Francisco) – 1
U. of Michigan – 1
New York U. – 1		 Journal of the American Dental Association
135(10):1389-1396.
Oct 1.		 Improving America’s access to care: The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research addresses oral health disparities.
2003

Lynch H,
Milgrom P

 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 Journal of the California Dental Association
31(3):205-209.
March 1.		 Xylitol and dental caries: an overview for clinicians.
2003
Lewis CW,
Milgrom P
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 2 Pediatrics in Review
24(10):327-336.
Oct 1.
 Fluoride
2003
Shiboski CH,
Gansky SA,
Ramos-Gomez F,
Ngo L,
Isman R,
Pollick HF
 U. of California (San Fracisco) – 6 Journal of Public Health Dentistry
63(1):38-46.
Jan 1.
 The association of early childhood caries and race/ethnicity among California preschool children.
2002
Levy SM,
Hillis SL,
Warren JJ,
Broffitt BA,
Mahbubul Islam AK,
Wefel JS,
Kanellis MJ
 U. of Iowa  – 7 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
30(4):286-295.
Aug 1.
 Primary tooth fluorosis and fluoride intake during the first year of life.
2001
Hashimoto H,
Lau KH
 Loma Linda U. – 2 Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
228(1-2):91-98.
Dec 1.		 Differential effects of bacterial toxins on mitogenic actions of sodium fluoride and those of aluminum fluoride in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells.
2001
Castillo JL,
Milgrom P,
Kharasch E,
Izutsu K,
Fey M

U. of Washington (Seattle) – 5

Note: Drs. Milgrom and Kharasch have served as paid consultants to Pharmascience Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

 Journal of the American Dental Association
132(10):1389-92; quiz 1459-60.
Oct 1.		 Evaluation of fluoride release from commercially available fluoride varnishes.
2000
Kumar J,
*Swango P,
Haley V,
Green E

Bureau of Dental Health, New York State Department of Health – 3

* Consultant

 Journal of Dental Research
79(7):1508-1513.
July 1.
 Intra-oral distribution of dental fluorosis in Newburgh and Kingston, New York.
2000
Grembowski D,
Milgrom PM
 U. of Washington (Seattle)  – 2 Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
115(5):448-459 .
Sept1.		 Increasing access to dental care for medicaid preschool children: the Access to Baby and Child Dentistry (ABCD) program.
1999
Adair SM,
Hanes CM,
Russell CM,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 4 Pediatric Dentistry
21(2):81-85.
Mar 1.
 Dental caries and fluorosis among children in a rural Georgia area.
1999
Whitford GM,
Sampaio FC,
Arneberg P,
von der Fehr FR
 Medical College of Georgia – 1
U. of Oslo (Norway) – 3		 Caries Research
33(6):33:462–467.
Nov.		 Fingernail fluoride: a method for monitoring fluoride exposure.
1999
Milgrom P,
Hujoel P,
Grembowski D,
Fong R
 U. of Washington (Seattle) – 4 Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
114(6):528-532.
Nov 1.
 A community strategy for Medicaid child dental services.
1999
Whitford GM,
Thomas JE,
Adair SM
 Medical College of Georgia – 3 Archives of Oral Biology
44(10):785-788.
Oct.		 Fluoride in whole saliva, parotid ductal saliva and plasma in children.
1999
Borke JL,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 2 The Journal of Nutrition
 129(6):1209-121.
June 1.
 Chronic fluoride ingestion decreases 45Ca uptake by rat kidney membranes – pdf
1999
Chen X,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 2 Archives of Oral Biology
44(1):33-39.
Jan 1.		 Effects of caffeine on fluoride, calcium and phosphorus metabolism and calcified tissues in the rat.
1998
He H,
Ganapathy V,
Isales CM,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 4 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1372(2):244-254.
July 1.
 pH-dependent fluoride transport in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles.
1997
Levy SM,
Kiritsy MC,
Slager SL,
Warren JJ,
Kohout FJ
University of Iowa College of Denstitry, Iowa City
 Pediatric Dentistry
19(1):50-55 .
Jan 1.		 Patterns of fluoride dentifrice use among infants.
1997
Heilman JR,
Kiritsy MC,
Levy SM,
Wefel JS
College of Dentistry, The U. of Iowa, Iowa City. – 4
 Journal of the American Dental Association
128(7):857-863.|
Jul 1.		 Fluoride concentrations of infant foods.
1997
Tang JM,
Altman DS,
Robertson DC,
O’Sullivan DM,
Douglass JM,
Tinanoff N
 Office of Oral Health, Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix Public Health Reports
112(4):319-29; 330-1.
July 1.
 Dental caries prevalence and treatment levels in Arizona preschool children.
1997 Wu LW,
Yoon HK,
Baylink DJ,
Graves LM,
Lau KH
Loma Linda U. – 5
 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
82(4):1126-1135
April 1.		 Fluoride at mitogenic doses induces a sustained activation of p44mapk, but not p42mapk, in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells.
1997
Whitford GM
Medical College of Georgia – 1
 Ciba Foundation Symposium
205:226-41; discussion 241-5.
Jan 1.
 Determinants and mechanisms of enamel fluorosis.
1996
Turner CH,
Owan I,
Brizendine EJ,
Zhang W,
Wilson ME,
Dunipace AJ
Indiana University Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Indianapolis – 6
 Bone
19(6):595-601.
Dec 1.		 High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency.
1996
Thomas AB, Hashimoto H, Baylink DJ,
Lau KH
Loma Linda U. – 4
 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81(7):2570-2578.
July.
 Fluoride at mitogenic concentrations increases the steady state phosphotyrosyl phosphorylation level of cellular proteins in human bone cells.
1996
Kiritsy MC,
Levy SM,
Warren JJ,
Guha-Chowdhury N,
Heilman JR,
Marshall T
U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 6
 Journal of the American Dental Association
127(7):895-902.
July 1.
 Assessing fluoride concentrations of juices and juice-flavored drinks.
1996 Turner CH, Owan I, Brizendine EJ, Zhang W, Wilson ME, Dunipace AJ
Indiana U., Indianapolis – 6
 Bone
19(6):595-601.
Dec 1,		 High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency.
1995
Levy SM,
Kohout FJ,
Kiritsy MC,
Heilman JR,
Wefel JS
U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 4

Dental Research Unit, Health Research Council, Wellington School of Medicine, NZ – 1
 Journal of the American Dental Association
126(12):1625-1632.
Dec 1.
 Infants’ fluoride ingestion from water, supplements and dentifrice.
1995
Takada J,
Baylink DJ,
Lau KH
 Loma Linda U. – 3
 Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
10(10):1512-1522.
OCT.
 Pretreatment with low doses of norethindrone potentiates the osteogenic effects of fluoride on human osteosarcoma cells.
1995
Levy SM,,
Kohout FJ,
Guha-Chowdhury N,
Kiritsy MC,
Heilman JR,
Wefel JS
College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City – 5
 
Dental Research Unit, Health Research Council, Wellington School of Medicine, NZ – 1
 Journal of Dental Research
74(7):1399-1407.
July 1.		 Infants’ fluoride intake from drinking water alone, and from water added to formula, beverages, and food.
1995
Turner CH,
Hasegawa K,
Zhang W,
Wilson M,
Li Y,
Dunipace AJ
Indiana U., Indianapolis – 6
 Journal of Dental Research
74(8):1475-1481.
Aug 1.		 Fluoride reduces bone strength in older rats.
1995
Whitford GM,
Adair SM,
Hanes CM,
Perdue EC,
Russell CM
Medical College of Georgia – 5
 Pediatric Dentistry
17(3):199-203.
May 1.
 Enamel uptake and patient exposure to fluoride: comparison of APF gel and foam.
1995
Whitford GM,
Angmar-Mansson B
Medical College of Georgia – 1
Karolinska Institute, Sweden – 1
 Caries Research
29(1):20-25.
Jan 1.
 Fluorosis-like effects of acidosis, but not NH+4, on rat incisor enamel.
1995

Pendrys DG
U. of Connecticut Health Center (Farmington)
 Journal of the American Dental Association
 126(12):1617-1624.
Dec 1.
 Risk of fluorosis in a fluoridated population. Implications for the dentist and hygienist.
1994
Adair SM,
Whitford GM,
Hanes CM
 Medical College of Georgia – 3  Pediatric Dentistry
16(6):410-2.
Nov-Dec.		 In vitro effect of human saliva on the output of fluoride from controlled-release devices.
1994
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 1 Calcified Tissue International
54(5):421-425.
May 1.
 Effects of plasma fluoride and dietary calcium concentrations on GI absorption and secretion of fluoride in the rat.
1994
Chen X,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 2 Journal of Dental Research
73(6):1173-1179.
June 1.
 Lack of significant effect of coffee and caffeine on fluoride metabolism in rats.
1992
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 1 Journal of Dental Research
71(5):1249-1254.
May 1.
 Acute and chronic fluoride toxicity.
1992
Likimani S,
Whitford GM,
Kunkel ME
 Medical College of Georgia – 2
Clemson U. (SC) – 1		 Calcified Tissue International
50(2):157-164.
Feb 1.
 The effects of protein deficiency and fluoride on bone mineral content of rat tibia.
1992
McKnight-Hanes C,
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 2 Caries Research
26(5):345-350.
Jan1.		 Fluoride release from three glass ionomer materials and the effects of varnishing with or without finishing.
1991
Lau KH,
Yoo A,
Wang SP
 Loma Linde U. – 3 Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
105(2):93-105.
July.
 Aluminum stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro by a mechanism that is different from fluoride.
1991
Whitford GM,
Biles ED,
Birdsong-Whitford NL.
 Medical College of Georgia – 3 Journal of Dental Research
70(6):948-951.
June 1.
 A comparative study of fluoride pharmacokinetics in five species.
1991
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 1 Archives of Oral Biology
36(4):291-297.
Jan 1.
 Fluoride, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the rat: comparison of ‘natural ingredient’ with semipurified diets.
1990
Phipps KR,
Burt BA
 School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor – 2 Journal of Dental Research
69(6):1256-1260.
June 1.
 Water-borne fluoride and cortical bone mass: a comparison of two communities.
1990
Ekstrand J,
Spak CJ,
Vogel G

U. of Iowa (Iowa City) – 1

School of Dentistry, Huddinge, Sweden

Am. Dental Associ. Health Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

 Journal of Dental Research
69 Spec No:550-5; discussion 556-7.
Feb 1.
 Pharmacokinetics of fluoride in man and its clinical relevance.
1990
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia- 1 Journal of Dental Research
69 Spec No:539-49; discussion 556-7.
Feb 1.
 The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride.
1990
Angmar-Månsson B,
Whitford GM

Karolinska Institute, Sweden – 1

Medical College of Georgia- 1

 Journal of Dental Research
69 Spec No:706-13; discussion 721.
Feb 1.
 Environmental and physiological factors affecting dental fluorosis.
1990
Margolis HC,
Moreno EC
 Forsyth Dental Center, Boston. Journal of Dental Research
69 Spec No:606-13; discussion 634-6 .
Feb 1.		 Physicochemical perspectives on the cariostatic mechanisms of systemic and topical fluorides.
1990
*Chan JT,
Qui CC,
**Whitford GM,
Weatherred JG

*Dept. of Pharmacology, U. of Texas Dental Branch, Houston

Medical College of Georgia – 1

 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)
194(1):43-47.
May 1.
 Influence of coffee on fluoride metabolism in rats.
1990
Angmar-Mansson B,
Lindh U,
Whitford GM
 Karolinska Institute, Sweden – 1
University of Uppsala, Sweden – 1
Medical College of Georgia – 1		 Caries Research
24(4):258-262.
Jan 1.
 Enamel and dentin fluoride levels and fluorosis following single fluoride doses: a nuclear microprobe study.
1990
Oliveby A,
Twetman S,
Ekstrand J
 Karolinska Institute, Sweden- 3 Caries Research
24(1):44-47.
Jan 1.
 Diurnal fluoride concentration in whole saliva in children living in a high- and a low-fluoride area.
1989
Oliveby A,
Lagerlof F,
Ekstrand J,
Dawes C
 Karolinska Institute, Sweden – 4 Caries Research
23(4):243-246
Jan 1.
 Studies on fluoride excretion in human whole saliva and its relation to flow rate and plasma fluoride levels.
1989
Dunipace AJ,
Zhang W,
Noblitt TW,
Li Y,
Stookey GK
 Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis – 5 Journal of Dental Research
68(11):1525-1528.
Nov 1.
 Genotoxic evaluation of chronic fluoride exposure: micronucleus and sperm morphology studies.
1989
Oliveby A,
Lagerlof F,
Ekstrand J,
Dawes C
 School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet,  Sweden.  – 4 Journal of Dental Research
68(2):146-149 .
Feb 1.		 Studies on fluoride concentrations in human submandibular/sublingual saliva and their relation to flow rate and plasma fluoride levels.
1989
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 1 Monographs in Oral Science
13:1-160.
Jan 1.		 The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride.
1989
Chan JT,
Qiu CC,
Whitford GM,
Weatherred JG,
Clardy RK

1. U. of Texas

 

 Archives of Oral Biology
34(11):885-888 .
Jan 1.		 The distribution of fluoride of prenatal origin in the rat–a pilot study.
1988
Szpunar SM,
Burt BA
 School of Public Health U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor – 2 Journal of Dental Research
67(5):802-806.
May 1.		 Dental caries, fluorosis, and fluoride exposure in Michigan schoolchildren.
1988
Guo MK,
Nopakun J,
Messer HH,
Ophaug R,
Singer L
 Dept of Oral Biology and Program in Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
– 5		 The Journal of Nutrition
118(3):362-366.
March 1.
 Retention of skeletal fluoride during bone turnover in rats.
1987
Whitford GM,
Allmann DW,
Shahed AR
 Medical College of Georgia – 3 Journal of Dental Research
66(5):1072-1078.
May 1.
 Topical fluorides: effects on physiologic and biochemical processes.
1987
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia – 1
 Journal of Dental Research
 66(5):1056-1060.
May 1.
 Fluoride in dental products: safety considerations.
1986
Curzon ME,
Richardson DS,
Featherstone JD
 Dept of Oral Biology, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester,  NY – 3 Journal of Dental Research
65(3):421-423.
March 1.
 Dental caries prevalence in Texas schoolchildren using water supplies with high and low lithium and fluoride.
1986
Whitford GM,
Williams JL
 Medical College of Georgia – 2 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)
181(4):550-554.
Apr 1.
 Fluoride absorption: independence from plasma fluoride levels.
1985
Singer L,
Ophaug RH,
Harland BF

School of Dentistry, U. of Minnesota – 2

Dept of Human Nutrition and Food, Howard U., Washington, DC – 1

 Journal of Dental Research
64(11):1302-1305.
Nov 1.		 Dietary fluoride intake of 15-19-year-old male adults residing in the United States.
1985
Ophaug RH,
Singer L,
Harland BF
 The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
42(4):701-707.
Oct 1.
 Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States.
1985
Gift HC,
Hoerman KC
 ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children
ASDC = American Society of Dentistry for Children
52(4):265-268.
July 1.		 Attitudes of dentists and physicians toward the use of dietary fluoride supplements.
1985
Hong YC,
Chow LC,
Brown WE
 National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, School of Dentistry,  Taiwan – 1
Am Dental Assoc Health Foundation Research Unit, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD – 2		 Journal of Dental Research
64(2):82-84.
Feb 1.
 Enhanced fluoride uptake from mouthrinses.
1985
Chow LC,
Beaudreau GM,
Brown WE
 American Dental Association Health Foundation Research Unit, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md. Caries Research
19(2):103-112.
Jan 1.
 Enamel fluoride profile construction from biopsy data.
1984
Spencer H,
Kramer L,
Wiatrowski E,
Lender M
  N/A Israel Journal of Medical Sciences
20(5):373-380.
May 1.
 Fluoride therapy in metabolic bone disease.
1984
Whitford GM,
Pashley DH
 Medical College of Georgia -2 Calcified Tissue International
36(3):302-307.
May 1.
 Fluoride absorption: the influence of gastric acidity.
1984
Easmann RP, Steflik DE, Pashley DH, McKinnny RV, Whitford GM.
 Medical College of Georgia – 5 Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
13(3):255-264.
June.		 Surface changes in rat gastric mucosa induced by sodium fluoride: a scanning electron microscopic study.
1984
Pashley DH,
Allison NB,
Easmann RP,
McKinney RV,
Horner JA,
Whitford GM

Medical College of Georgia – 5

Dept of Clinical Investigation Dwight David Eisenhower Medical Center, Fort Gordon, Georgia – 1

 Journal of Oral Pathology
13(5):535-545.
Oct 1.		 The effects of fluoride on the gastric mucosa of the rat
1983
Whitford GM
 Medical College of Georgia -1 Dental Hygiene
57(5):16-8, 20-2, 24-9.
May 1.
 Fluorides: metabolism, mechanisms of action and safety.
1983
Curzon ME.
 Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK. Journal of Dental Research
62(2):96-99.
Feb 1.
 Combined effect of trace elements and fluoride on caries: changes over ten years in northwest Ohio (U.S.A.).
1982
Angmar-Mansson B,
Whitford GM

Karolinska Institute, Sweden – 1

Medical College of Georgia – 1

 Caries Research
16(4):334-339.
Jan 1.		 Plasma fluoride levels and enamel fluorosis in the rat.
1982
Chander S,
Chiao CC,
Fuerstenau DW
 Dept of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, U. of California – 3 Journal of Dental Research
61(2):403-407.
Fwb 1.		 Transformation of calcium fluoride for caries prevention.
1982
LeCompte EJ,
Whitford GM

School of Dentistry, Medical College of Virginia – 1

School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia – 1

 Journal of Dental Research
61(3):469-472.
March 1.
 Pharmacokinetics of fluoride from APF gel and fluoride tablets in children.
1982
Whitford GM,
Callan RS,
Wang HS
 Medical College of Georgia – 3 Journal of Applied Toxicology
 2(6):303-306.
Dec 1.		 Fluoride absorption through the hamster cheek pouch: a pH-dependent event.
1982
Kleiner HS,
Allmann DW
 Dept of Biochemistry, Indiana U., School of Medicine, Indianapolis Archives of Oral Biology
27(2):107-112.
Jan 1.
 The effects of fluoridated water on rat urine and tissue cAMP levels.
1981
Spencer H,
Osis D,
Lender M
 Metabolic Section, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL The Science of the Total Environment
17(1):1-12.
Jan 1.
 Studies of fluoride metabolism in man. A review and report of original data.
1981
Gruber HE,
Stauffer ME,
Thompson ER,
Baylink DJ
 N/A Seminars in Hematology
18(4):258-278.
Oct 1.
 Diagnosis of bone disease by core biopsies.
1981
Wefel JS,
Harless JD
 College of Dentistry,  U. of Iowa, Iowa City – 2 Journal of Dental Research
 60(11):1842-1848.
Nov 1.		 The effect of topical fluoride agents on fluoride uptake and surface morphology.
1981
Spencer H,
Kramer L,
Norris C,
Wiatrowski E
 Metabolic Section, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
58(1):140-144.
Mar 1.
 Effect of aluminum hydroxide on plasma fluoride and fluoride excretion during a high fluoride intake in man.
1981
LeCompte EJ,
Whitford GM
 School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia – 1 Journal of Dental Research
60(4):776-780.
April 1.
 The biologic availability of fluoride from alginate impressions and APF gel applications in children.
1980
Spencer H,
Kramer L,
Gatza C,
Norris C,
Wiatrowski E,
Gandhi VC
 Metabolic Section, Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Ill. – 6 Archives of Internal Medicine
140(10):1331-1335.
Oct 1.
 Fluoride metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure.
1980
Armstrong WD,
Singer L.
Experimental Biology and Medicine
 Fluoride Tissue Distribution: Intracellular Fluoride Concentrations.
1980
Allmann DW,
Kleiner HS.
 Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry
5(3-4):73-78.
Jan 1.
 Effect of NaF on rat tissue cAMP levels in vivo.
1980
DePaola PF,
Soparkar M,
Van Leeuwen M,
DeVelis R
 Forsyth Dental Center Archives of Oral Biology
25(10):649-653.
Jan 1.
No abstract
 The anticaries effect of single and combined topical fluoride systems in school children.
1974
Aasenden R,
Peebles TC
 Forsyth Dental Center- 2 Archives of Oral Biology
19(4):321-326.
April 1.
 Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on human deciduous and permanent teeth.

 

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